英语写作 课程教案

英语写作 课程教案/讲稿

教 师 姓 名： 赵红路

学院（部、中心）： 外国语学院

教研室∕实验室： 第三英语教研室

2007 年

8 月

与 课 程 有 关 的 信 息

教师编号 课程编号 总 学 时 30 000417 41053081 课程名称 英文课名 实验学时 0 英语写作 English Writing 2 课程学分 2 讲授学时 30 课程性质 必修 （必修/学科专业限选/公共任选） 授课方式 常规 （常规/双语/多媒体） 授课对象 本科 （研究生/本科/高职/成人） 上 2007 / 2008 学年，第 1 学期 周学时 2 课星期 二第 1、2节，8：05至 9：50时分 星期 第 节， 至 时分 时间 星期 二第 3、4节，10：15至12：00时分 星期 第 节， 至 时分 星期 二第 5、6节，13：35至15：20时分 星期 第 节， 至 时分 星期 第 节， 至 时分 上课地点 东1号，311，420 任课班级编号 061001-03 选用 书名 《 英语写作基础教程》，作者： 丁往道 教材 出版 高等教育出版社， 1998 年 7 月出版 ，李冀宏，世界图书出版公司，1999年8月 参考书1.《英语常用词入门》2.《英语修辞学概论》，黄任，上海外语教育出版社，1999年9月 星期 第 节， 至 时分 学生总人数 90 （书名、3.《英语修辞与写作》，英任，上海外语教育出版社，1996年6月 作者等4.《英语写作》，葛传，上海译文出版社，1998年8月 ，孙骊，上海外语教育出版社，1999年1月 出版信5.《英语写作》 息） 与教学相关的简要记事 1

长 春 工 业 大 学

课程教学内容分配与进度计划表

2007 /2008 学年第 一 学期 英语写作 课程

课程编号：41053081 适用班级 061001-061003 使用教材：英语写作基础教程 学 时 数 周 课 讲实习多教 学 内 容 （ 章 节 ） 日期 备注 媒次 次 课 验 题 体 2

1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 9.4 9.11 9.18 9.25 10.2 10.9 10.16 10.23 10.30 11.6 11.13 11.20 11.27 12.4 12.11 1 Review of Chapter 1-4 & Introduction 1 Rhetoric & Writing 1 Chapter 6 Composing Essays（1，2） 1 Chapter 6: Three main parts of a composition 1 Chapter 6: Types of Writing 1 Chapter 6: 7 ways of developing a composition 1 Chapter 6: 7 ways of developing a composition 1 Chapter 6: 7 ways of developing a composition 1 Chapter 6: 7 ways of developing a composition 1 Chapter 7: Practical Writing 1 Chapter 7: Practical Writing 1 Chapter 7: Practical Writing 1 Chapter 7: Practical Writing 1 Chapter 8: Preparing Research Papers (1,2) 1 Chapter 8: Preparing Research Papers (3,4) 2 2 2 2 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 2 2 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 教研室主任：王海云 任课教师：赵红路 任课教师编号：000417 留存：

长 春 工 业 大 学 课 程 教 案∕讲 稿 用 纸

讲 授 内 容 教学设计∕备注 3

Introduction A Sketch of English Writing Since you have finished a term’s study of English writing, I’d like to ask you three simple questions. 1. What’s English writing? 2. What’s your understanding and impression of this course? (Have you benefited a lot from this course? Is it difficult to learn this course? How to improve your attitude toward writing?) 3. What’s the purpose/ aim/ objective of this course? ( to help students acquire writing awareness, idiomatic train of thought in writing, and appropriate writing skills.) The course is not everything. You can’t count on it too much, hoping that after taking this lecture, you can own a magic pen, even to be a great writer. However, you can indeed grasp useful writing principles in theory. If you can make a lot of perseverant practice, you can be an expert in this field. “Give you a fish, you’ll eat for a day; teach you to fish and you’ll eat for a life time.” I’ll try to help you to find fish and the way of fishing. I. About the text book How to use the book? It’s good for autonomous study in that it contains examples, detailed explanation, tasks and keys to exercises with explanation. After class you are asked to preview each chapter and in class discuss problems related to the chapter. More information will be offered in class, and more time will be left for practice. II. My requirements 1. Keeping journals. Keeping journals in English will give you daily practice in expressing your own thoughts. Though it is quite usual to use incomplete and colloquial English in a journal, you’d better not do so; for your object is to practice writing rather than to keep the record itself. 2. Handing in your composition on time. 3. When you write your composition, work carefully, neatly and clearly. Try to make as few mistakes as possible. 4

III. My presents 1. “Practice makes perfect.” Practice a lot can make you perfect in writing. 2. “Reading makes a full man; conference a ready man; and writing an exact man.”  —— Francis Bacon 勤于练习才能达到完美。 读书使人充实；讨论使人敏捷；写作令人严谨。 做个完美严谨的作者—— 这是你们学习此课的Francis Bacon was one of the earliest English essayists, great philosopher. Of Bacon’s 58 essays, “Of Study” is one of the shortest but also one of the better known and the more widely read. A full man: a man with a wide knowledge of things. A ready man: a wise man who can deal with all kinds of occasions. An exact man: a man who speaks and writes with accuracy. Conference: consultation, conversation. Review of Chapter 1-4 终极目标 Chapter I Manuscript Form 1.1 Arrangement 1/ Rules of leaving margins 2/ Rules of writing the title 3/ Rules of paragraphing 4/ Rules of paging Give a lecture on 1.2 Word Division this part. 12 rules of word division 1.3 Capitalization 1/ Basic rules 2/Special usage of capital letters and punctuation in quoted words and sentences (different from Chinese, see page 9) 1.4 Handwriting Leave a little space ( one letter) after a comma and a slightly bigger space (2letters) after a period. When you want to cross out a word, don’t use brackets to enclose it, but draw a thick line across it. How to add a word? Write it above, not below. 1.5 Punctuation ． period 句号 5

， comma 逗号 ： colon 冒号 ； semicolon 分号 ！ exclamation 惊叹号 ？ question mark 问号 ￣ hyphen 连字符 ' apostrophe 省略号；所有格符号 — dash 破折号 ‘ ’ single quotation marks 单引号 “ ” double quotation marks 双引号 ( ) parentheses 圆括号 [ ] square brackets 方括号 { } Braces ... ellipsis 省略号 ¨ tandem colon 双点号 \" ditto 同上 ‖ parallel 双线号 ／ virgule 斜线号 ＆ ampersand = and ～ swung dash 代字号 § section; division 分节号 → arrow 箭号；参见号 ＋ plus 加号；正号 － minus 减号；负号 ± plus or minus 正负号 × is multiplied by 乘号 ÷ is divided by 除号 ＝ is equal to 等于号 ≠ is not equal to 不等于号 ≡ is equivalent to 全等于号 ≌ is equal to or approximately equal to 等于或约等于号 ≈ is approximately equal to 约等于号 ＜ is less than 小于号 ＞ is more than 大于号 ≮ is not less than 不小于号 6

≯ is not more than 不大于号 ≤ is less than or equal to 小于或等于号 ≥ is more than or equal to 大于或等于号 ％ per cent 百分之… ‰ per mill 千分之… ∞ infinity 无限大号 ∝ varies as 与…成比例 √ (square) root 平方根 ∵ since; because 因为 ∴ hence 所以 ∷ equals, as (proportion) 等于，成比例 ∠ angle 角 ⌒ semicircle 半圆 ⊙ circle 圆 ○ circumference 圆周 π pi 圆周率 △ triangle 三角形 ⊥ perpendicular to 垂直于 ∪ union of 并，合集 ∩ intersection of 交，通集 ∫ the integral of …的积分 ∑ (sigma) summation of 总和 ° degree 度 ′ minute 分 ″ second 秒 ＃ number …号 ℃ Celsius system 摄氏度 ＠ at 单价 《 》 French quotes 法文引号；书名号 \".\" 在北美是称 period, 但在英联邦中是称 full stop, 而只有在网址电邮址中才称 dot \"／\" virgule 斜线号 也称 slash 而 \"\\\" 就是back slash, 特別在电脑用家之间都是称slash的 还有 \"_\" 是下划线 underline(英式) underscore (美式) 7

′ minute 分 或 foot 英呎 ″ second 秒 或 inch 英吋 如 40' FCL 40呎滿载集裝箱，1\" water pipe １吋水管 The Importance of Punctuation Choices in punctuation can greatly affect meaning. Indeed if you mess with punctuation enough you can turn the meaning upside down: 1．下雨天留客天留我不留 2．从中学到大学都学不到的东西 3．世界上女人没有了男人就不能生活了 4． Eats shoots and leaves 5. An English teacher wrote these words on the whiteboard: \"woman without her man is nothing\". The teacher then asked the students to punctuate the words correctly. 6. dear john I want a man who knows what love is all about you are generous kind thoughtful people who are not like you admit to being useless and inferior you have ruined me for other men I yearn for you I have no feelings whatsoever when were apart I can be forever happy will you let me be yours Gloria If you have ever wondered if punctuation is truly important, try reading a passage that does not have punctuation. It is nearly impossible to correctly figure out what the writer was trying to say. Punctuation tells us when one idea stops and another starts. It tells use who owns things and who said what. Punctuation helps us to understand what we are reading. The most common mistake people tend to make while writing is in the use of Punctuation. Wrong punctuation can damage the flow of ideas and change meaning, but properly used punctuation not only helps readers understand your meaning but also makes them engrossed in your writing. The following discussion is about some of the frequently misused punctuation marks and what actually their correct application should be. Punctuation helps readers break writing into logical units, making it easier to follow. Punctuation includes all the conventional signs used to separate words: spaces, first-line indentation of paragraphs, blank lines, uppercase letters, and various marks or stops （commas, periods, semicolons, and so on）. Punctuation is conventional rather than scientific, and has evolved over time. The earliest written languages, in fact, had no punctuation at all, writers just RANWORDSTOGETHERFORASLONGASTHEYCAREDTOWRITE （every so often a

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Give a lecture on this part. bold pioneer would introduce a reader-friendly innovation like LowerCaseLetters or spaces between words）. In the modern world punctuation is an important thing to get right in formal writing. Readers of formal writing interpret punctuation mistakes as a sign of poor education or carelessness, and in either case tend to discount the work's validity. Dear John, I want a man who knows what love is all about. You are generous, kind, thoughtful. People who are not like you admit to being useless and inferior. You have ruined me for other men. I yearn for you. I have no feelings whatsoever when we're apart. I can be forever happy—will you let me be yours? Gloria Dear John, I want a man who knows what love is. All about you are generous, kind, thoughtful people, who are not like you. Admit to being useless and inferior. You have ruined me. For other men, I yearn. For you, I have no feelings whatsoever. When we're apart, I can be forever happy. Will you let me be? Yours, Gloria The men wrote: \"Woman, without her man, is nothing.\" The women wrote: \"Woman! Without her, man is nothing.\" The message center has several functions. As each of the knowledge sources feeds in information about the text being processed, the message center holds the information in a temporary store. Each of these knowledge sources may use the information provided by one or more other sources. For example, lexical knowledge may search for information about spelling patterns or there may be a check for information about syntax. Rumelhart states: “The message center keeps a running list of hypotheses about the nature of the input string. Each knowledge source constantly scans the message Let the students do the exercises. 9

center for the appearance of hypotheses relevant to its own sphere of knowledge. Whenever such a hypothesis enters the message center, the knowledge source in question evaluates the hypothesis in light of its own specialized knowledge. As a result of its analysis, the hypothesis may be confirmed, disconfirmed and removed from the message center, or a new hypothesis can be added to the message center. This procedure continues until some decisions can be reached. At this point the most probable hypothesis is determined to be the right one.” (1977:5-590) By means of separate knowledge sources and the message center that permits these sources to communicate and interact with others, high-order stages are able to influence the processing of low-order stages. Thus, Rumelhart’s model is able to accommodate the occurrences known to take place while reading that the linear models have difficulty accommodating. Exercises: Put the correct punctuation marks in the spaces underlined in the following paragraphs. Also add CAPITAL LETTERS where necessary 1. married people live__ happily ever after__ in fairy tales__ but they do so less and less often in real life __I__ like many of my friends__ got married__ divorced__ and remarried__ I suppose__ to some people__ I__ m a failure__ after all__ I broke my first solemn promise to __love and cherish until death us do part__ but I feel that I m finally a success__ I learned from the mistakes I made in my first marriage__ this time around__ the ways my husband and I share our free time__ make decisions__ and deal with problems are very different__ 2. the first of the great civic universities established in england__ manchester is today the largest unitary university in the united kingdom and an internationally famous center of learning and research__ it is well __endowed with resources and facilities__ the university library__ for instance__ is one of the four big academic libraries in the country__ and the university has its own modern theatre __television studio__ art gallery__ museum__ shopping centre and __of course __extensive sports facilities__ 3. the most common method of listing books is by means of a card catalogue__ an alphabetical filing system in which a separate card is used to index every book in the library__

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Do this exercise in class. Assignment. usually__ the library lists every book it has three times__ one card lists the book by its subject__ another lists it by its author__ and the third card lists it by its title__ the chartists by peter searby__ for example__ would be listed among the C__ s__ for chartists__ in the title file__ articles such as the__ a__ and an are not used in alphabetizing__ the book would also be listed among the s__ s __for searby__ peter__ in the author file__ and among the books of history in the subject file__ Put the correct punctuation marks in the following passages. Also add CAPITAL LETTERS where necessary 1. mr brown had been teaching english abroad for a number of years he had forgotten how cold it could be in england in the winter it was often dull and grey in november but it could be really cold in december january and february even in the spring it could snow mr brown looked out of the window as the train crossed the river avon he remembered the weather forecast that he had heard on the bbc at 9 oclock that Tuesday morning it said that it would be wet and windy in the north west manchester where he was now travelling to was unfortunately in the northwest 2. let me just say again that i think that investing in the space program is also an investment in the people i think that the long range benefits of the space program can drastically change life on this earth for everyone i think that mankind has the chance to move ahead to make real progress toward a better life and that this will happen as a result of scientific achievements in space I think we invest more in our existing social programs we will be thinking only about today and forgetting tomorrow we will not be moving forward 3. a vote for McDonald s for my birthday this month my wife has offered to treat me to dinner at the restaurant of my choice I think she expects me to ask for a meal at the Chalet the classiest most expensive restaurant in town however I m going to eat my birthday dinner at McDonald s when I compare the two restaurants the advantages of eating at McDonald s are clear for one thing going to the Chalet is more difficult than going to McDonald s the Chalet has a jacket and tie rule which means I have to dig a sport coat and tie out of the back of my closet make sure they re semiclean and try to steam out the wrinkles somehow the Chalet also requires advance reservations since it is downtown I have to leave an hour early to give myself time to find a parking space within six blocks of th restaurant the Chalet cancels reservations if a party is more than ten minutes late going to McDonald s on the Give this assignment to the students. 11

other hand is easy I can feel comfortable wearing jeans or a warm up suit I don’t have to do any advance planning I can leave my house whenever I m ready and pull into a doorside parking space within fifteen minutes the Chalet is dimly lit formal place while I m struggling to see what s on my plate I worry that I ll knock one of the fragile glass vases off the table the waiters at the Chalet can be uncomfortably formal too as I awkwardly pronounce the frence words on the menu I get the feeling that I dont quite live up to their standards even though the food at the Chalet is gourmet I prefer simpler meals I don’t like unfamiliar food swimming in dead white sauce or covered with pie pastry eating at the Chalet is to me less enjoyable than eating at McDonald s McDonald s is a pleasant place where I feel at ease it is well lighted and the bright colored decor is informal the employees serve with a smile and the food is easy to pronounce and identify I know what I m going to get when I order a certain type of sandwich the most important differences between the Chalet and McDonald s though is the price difference dinner for two at the Chalet even one without appetizers or desserts would easily cost forty dollars and the forty dollars doesn’t include the cost of parking the car and tipping the waiter which can come to an additional ten dollars but at McDonald s fifteen dollars may be enough for a big meal and I don’t have to pay for the parking or tipping so for my birthday dinner celebration or any other time I prefer to eat at McDonald s it s convenient friendly and cheap and with the money my wife saves by taking me to McDonald s she can buy me what I really want for my birthday a new Sears power saw 4. is it wise to make friends online internet as one of the most important inventions of the twentieth century has greatly changed our life nowadays more and more young people have many friends online, which as far as I am concerned has more benefits than negative effects firstly internet enlarges our circle of friends considerably no other ways of communication enable us to make friends all around the world as easily as internet does as long as we can speak english or other foreign languages we are able to chat with americans japanese as well as european people and therefore to broaden our view by exposing ourselves to various cultures and experiences apart from that, we tend to be more honest and straightforward when we make online friends than in real life since in the cyber space we cannot see others faces we do not have to worry about the negative results brought by direct communication for instance we are free to air our opinions on some sensitive issues of the society and share our little secrets with our friends with ease in this way online 12

friendship gives rise to more openness and less stress or pressure at the same time while many people argue that making friends online is not stable or even dangerous I posit that embracing this technological innovation by becoming a true netizen is definitely a wise choice I Put the correct punctuation marks in the following passages. Also add CAPITAL LETTERS where necessary. 1. most american people are fond of cats and or dogs it is said that every year they spend about $5.4 billion on their pets including $1.5 billion on pet food four times the amount of money they spend on baby food now there are about 100 million dogs and cats in the country the number is still going up rapidly since 12, 500 puppies are born every hour 2. its 745 on tuesday morning and 26- year- old Steve Clarks is going to work. He puts on his jacket, and picks up his cell phone, pager, and laptop. As he leaves the house, he turns on his mp3 player and puts on his headphones. He is ready to go. II Punctuate the following passage. Also add CAPITAL LETTERS where necessary. 1. that shows that there are three hundred and sixty four days when you might get un birthday presents certainly said alice and only one for birthday presents you know theres glory for you I dont know what you mean by glory alice said humpty dumpty smiled contemptuously Of course you don’t till I tell you I meant theres a nice knockdown argument for you but glory doesnt mean a nice knockdown argument alice objected when I use a word humpty dumpty said in rather a scornful tone it means just what I choose it to mean neither more or less the question is said alice whether you can make words mean so many different things the question is said humpty dumpty which is to be master thats all 2. I dialed a number and the phone rang once twice then someone picked it up you got the wrong number a husky male voice snapped before the line went dead mystified I dialed again I said you got the wrong number came the voice once more the phone clicked in my ear how could he possibly know I had a wrong number at that time I worked for the new 13

york city police department a cop is trained to be curious and concerned so I dialed a third time hey come on the man said is this you again yeah its me I answered I was wondering how you knew I had the wrong number before I even said anything you figure it out the phone slammed down I sat there for a short time the receiver hanging loosely in my fingers I called the man back so you have figured it out he asked the only thing I can think of is eh nobody ever calls you you got it the phone went dead for the fourth time chuckling I dialed the man back what do you want now he asked I thought Id call just to say hello hello why well if nobody ever calls you I thought maybe I should okay hello who is this at last I had gotten through now it was his turn to be curious I told him who I was and asked who he was my names adolf meth Im 88 years old and I havent had this many wrong numbers in one day in 20 years we both laughed in this way we became phone friends Punctuate the following sentences or passages. Also add CAPITAL LETTERS where necessary. 1. the president has made the following announcement students who need financial assistance may apply at the student affairs office 2. the professor said confucius says do not impose on others what you do not desire yourself this is a very good principle of moral conduct 3. what did he say he said many things such as such as oh yes he said that he would resign from the committee 4. she was interested in history a few years ago today her main interest is in anthropology 5. changes in the market poor management and miscalculated speculations these caused the bankruptcy of the company 6. she didn’t go with them to climb the mountain otherwise she would have been caught 14

in the storm 7. among those who joined the discussion were miss wu a well-known writer mr li editor of the literary supplement of the local newspaper dr qian a professor of literary cirticism and ms sun a famous historian 8. she enjoys reading shakespeares plays and has read hamlet romeo and juliet king lear and the merchant of venice 9. the two americas there are two americas one is the america of lincoln the other is the america of teddy rooseelt and the modern superpatriots one is generous and humane the other narrowly egotistical one is self critical the other self righteous one is sensible the other romantic one is good humored the other solemn one is inquiring the other pontificating one is moderate the other filled with passionate intensity one is judicious and the other arrogant in the use of great power Keys: Punctuate the following sentences or passages. Also add CAPITAL LETTERS where necessary. 1 The president has made the following announcement: students who need financial assistance may apply at the Student Affairs Office. 2 The professor said, “Confucius says, ‘Do not impose on others what you do not desire yourself.’ This is a very good principle of moral conduct.” 3 “What did he say?” “He said many things, such as… such as… oh, yes, he said that he would resign from the committee.” 4 She was interested in history a few years ago; today her main interest is in anthropology. 5 Changes in the market, poor management, and miscalculated speculations— these caused the bankruptcy of the company. 6 She didn’t go with them to climb the mountain; otherwise, she would have been caught in the storm. 7 Among those who joined the discussion were Miss Wu, a well-known writer; Mr. Li, editor of the literary supplement of the local newspaper; Dr. Qian, a professor of literary cirticism; and Ms. Sun, a famous historian. 8. She enjoys reading Shakespeare’s plays and has read Hamlet, Romeo and Juliet, King Lear and The Verchant of venice. 9. The Two Americas Keys 15

There are two Americas. One is the America of Lincoln; the other is the America of Teddy Rooseelt and the modern superpatriots. One is generous and humane, the other narrowly egotistical; one is self-critical, the other self-righteous; one is sensible the other romantic; one is good humored, the other solemn; one is inquiring, the other pontificating; one is moderate, the other filled with passionate intensity; one is judicious and the other arrogant in the use of great power. I Put the correct punctuation marks in the following passages. Also add CAPITAL LETTERS where necessary 1. Most American people are fond of cats and/ or dogs. it is said that every year they spend about $5.4 billion on their pets, including $1.5 billion on pet food--- four times the amount of money they spend on baby food. Now there are about 100 million dogs and cats in the country; the number is still going up rapidly since 12 500 puppies are born every hour. 2. It’s 745 on Tuesday morning and 26 year old steve clarks is going to work he puts on his jacket and picks up his cell phone pager and laptop as he leaves the house he turns on his mp3 player and puts on his headphones he is ready to go II Punctuate the following passage. Also add CAPITAL LETTERS where necessary. 1.“…that shows that there are three hundred and sixty-four days when you might get un-birthday presents.” “Certainly,” said Alice. “And only one for birthday presents, you know. There’s glory for you!” “I don’t know what you mean by ‘glory’,” Alice said. Humpty Dumpty smiled contemptuously. “Of course you don’t--- till I tell you. I meant ‘there’s a nice knockdown argument for you.’ ” “But ‘glory’ doesn’t mean ‘a nice knockdown argument’,” Alice objected. “When I use a word,” Humpty Dumpty said in rather a scornful tone, “it means just what I choose it to mean---neither more or less.” “The question is,” said Alice, “whether you can make words mean so many different things.” “The question is,” said Humpty Dumpty, “which is to be master--- that’s all.” 2. I dialed a number and the phone rang once, twice; then someone picked it up. “You got the wrong number,” a husky male voice snapped before the line went dead. 16

Mystified, I dialed again. “I said you got the wrong number,” came the voice once more. The phone clicked in my ear. How could he possibly know I had a wrong number? At that time I worked for the New York City Police Department. A cop is trained to be curious and concerned, so I dialed a third time. “Hey, come on,” the man said, “is this you again?” “Yeah, it’s me,” I answered. “I was wondering how you knew I had the wrong number before I even said anything.” “You figure it out!” the phone slammed down. I sat there for a short time, the receiver hanging loosely in my fingers. I called the man back. “So you have figured it out?” he asked. “The only thing I can think of is—eh— nobody ever calls you.” “You got it!” The phone went dead for the fourth time. Chuckling, I dialed the man back. “What do you want now?” he asked. “I thought I’d call just to say ‘hello’.” “Hello? Why?” “Well, if nobody ever calls you, I thought maybe I should.” “Okay, hello. Who is this?” At last I had gotten through. Now it was his turn to be curious. I told him who I was and asked who he was. “My name’s Adolf Meth. I’m 88 years old, and I haven’t had this many wrong numbers in one day in 20 years!” We both laughed. In this way we became phone friends. Chapter II Diction Definition: is the choice and use of words. 17

Principles: appropriate; exact; idiomatic; interesting Being appropriate: writing styles: formal, common, colloquial The levels of words: formal(learned or big words), common(daily used), colloquial (informal familiar conversation) Being exact: try to use specific words and pay attention to connotative. General—— professional ----- scientist ------ chemist -------biochemist—— specific The meaning of a word: denotative: what it literally means, as defined by the dictionary. Connotative: the feeling or idea suggested by it. e.g. 国家 Country: refers to an area of land and its population and government. Nation: emphasizes the people of a country. State: refers to the government or political organization of a country. Land: is less precise but more literary and emotive. All the words listed above are synonyms, that is, they share the same denotative meaning, but they maybe different in stylistic level, in degree of emphasis, in emotional coloring, in tone and in collocation. Being idiomatic: try to use idioms. Idioms are fixed groups of words with a special meaning which is different from the meanings of the words that form it. All the phrasal verbs, set expressions, pairs of words and sayings. Being interesting: there are various ways of using words figuratively. They are called figures of speech or rhetorical devices. Such use makes the expression more interesting and vivid. Chapter III. The sentences Correct sentence: is grammatical concept, that is, the sentence should be correct in grammar. Effective sentence: refers to the fact that a sentence can achieve the goal of communication. How to achieve effective sentences? 1. unity “All roads lead to Rome.” ————— “All words lead to a single thought.” 2. coherence try to avoid faulty parallel constructions/ prons with ambiguous references/ dangling or misplaced modifiers/ confusing shifts in person and number or in voice, tense and mood. 3. conciseness The more specific, the more exact. A straw in the wind Like a fish out of water Rains cats and dogs Drink like a fish To cut out those which have nothing to do with the main idea. 18

4. emphasis emphatic sentences should be used. 5. variety Mix the long and short sentences, simple and compound complex sentences as well as Samuel Johnson, try to use some rhetorical sentences. a famous English The purpose of seeking sentence variety is to avoid monotony in one’s speech or writer, critic and compiler, said: writing so as to achieve the most satisfactory result in communication. “The joy of life is Generally speaking, the process of achieving greater variety in sentence is a gradual variety.” So variety of one that depends on one’s increasing awareness and painstaking practice. writing is a joy. Without variety, any text can be Chapter IV. Developing Paragraphs dull and uninteresting. 1. Features of a Paragraph 2. Ways of Developing a Paragraph 2.1 Development by Time 2.2 Development by Process 2.3 Development by Space 2.4 Development by Example 2.5 Development by Comparison and Contrast 2.6 Development by Cause and Effect 2.7 Development by Classification Rhetoric 1. Simile avoid being wordy.

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My love is like a red red rose. Tenor comparative word vehicle Compare: John is as tall as his father. John is as tall as Maypole. The second is a simile. The tenor and vehicle belong to different groups of things. 1) like 型 living without an aim is like sailing without a compass. 生活没有目标犹如航行没有指南针。 Maypole: 五塑节花柱；细长个子 Marriage is like a beleaguered fortress: those who are without want to get in, and those who are within want to get out. 婚姻像围城一样：外面的人想进去，里面的人想出来。 The whole of my life has passed like a razor---- in hot water or a scrape. 我的整个生涯过的犹如一把剃刀——若非在热水中，就是在刮削中。 这也是pun,“in 2) as 型 hot water”“in a as you sow, so will you reap. scrape”都有陷入Love goes towards love, as schoolboys from their books; 困境之意。 But love from love, towards school with heavy looks. -------William Shakespeare 赴情人的约会，像学童抛开书一样快乐； 和情人分别，像书童板着脸上学一样悲伤。 “as….. as” As firm as a rock. 坚如磐石 As light as a feather. 轻如鸿毛 As close as an oyster 守口如瓶 As mute as a fish 噤若寒蝉 As strong as a horse. 强壮如牛 As cool as a cucumber 泰然自若 As sober as a judge 十分清醒 As sure as a gun 千真万确 As poor as a church mouse 一贫如洗 3) as if 型 my handwriting looks as if a swarm of ants, escaping from an ink bottle, had walked over a sheet of paper without wiping their legs. 4) what 型

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A is to B what X is to Y What X is to Y, (that) A is to B Reading is to the mind what exercise is to the body. What sculpture is to a block of marble, education is to the soul. What salt is to food, that wit and humor are to literature. 5) no more than 型 A home without love is no more than a body without soul. We have no more right to consume happiness without producing it than to consume wealth without producing it. 阅读之于思想，如同锻炼之于身体。 教育之于心灵犹如雕刻之于大理石。 妙语与幽默对于文学，恰似盐对于食物一样。 A student can no more obtain knowledge without studying than a farmer can get 我们不创造幸福便无权享受幸福，正harvest without ploughing. 如我们不创造财富就无权享用财富一 样。 6) and 型 学生不学习不能获A word and a stone let go can not be recalled. 得知识，正如农民说出的话犹如抛出的石，是收不回的。 不耕种就不能得到收获一样。 Love and cough can not be hid. 恋爱如同咳嗽，难逃他人耳目。 Truth and roses have thorns about them. 真理如玫瑰，浑身都带刺。 Kings and bears often worry their keepers. 国王跟狗熊一样，总使照料者坐立不安。 伴君如伴虎。 2．Metaphor 1) 名词型 All the world is a stage, and all the men and women merely players. ——William Shakespeare Education is not the filling of a pail, but the lighting of a fire. Happiness is a perfume: you cannot pour it on others without getting a few drops on yourself. 与人玫瑰，手有余 —— Emerson 香。 2）动词型 The boy wolfed down the food. The case snowballed into one of the most famous trials in U.S. history. Some books are to be tasted; others swallowed; and some few to be chewed and 21

digested. ——Francis Bacon 3）形容词型 She has a photographic memory for detail. 4）“of”型 The bridge of friendship/ the valley of despair/ a flower of a girl/ a fox of a man/ the snake of traffic Most of us are only too ready to apply to others the cold wind of criticism; we are somewhat reluctant to give our fellow the warm sunshine of praise. 相同点：空中楼阁 castles in the air 滴水石穿 constant dropping wears the stone 火上浇油 add fuel to the flames 不同点：汉语“四面楚歌”来比喻处境孤立，而英语没有想对的历史背景，也没有这个比喻。反之，英语中“meet one’s Waterloo”汉语中也没有类似的直接表达， （1815年拿破仑大败的地方，遭到惨败，毁灭性打击。）类似于关羽走麦城。 3．Personification :This is really an extension of the metaphor. Personification gives to inanimate objects or to abstract ideas the characteristics of persons. Sample sentences: Laziness travels so slowly, that poverty soon overtakes him. ——Benjamin Franklin Slang is language that takes off its coat, spits on its hands and goes to work. A lie can travel half way around the world while the truth is putting on its shoes. —— Mark Twain The flowers nodded and smiled as if welcoming her to this new land. If not always in a hot mood to smash, the sea is always stealthily ready for a drowning. 4. Metonymy: is a figure of speech, in which a thing is called, but not by its name, but by something closely associated with it. It is substituting the name of one thing for that of another with which it is closely associated.(借代) Whenever my husband has a bad day at the office, he hits the bottle. She was a pretty girl but I was not one to let my heart rule my head. 她对细节有照相机般的记忆力。 用比喻时注意英汉表达的异同，基于相似和不同的文化背景。 俚语使用随意方便大众化。 “bottle” is the metonymy of “alcoholic drink” 22

她很漂亮但我不是一个情感控制理智的人。 She has the eye for the fair and beauty. The pen is mightier than the sword. 更多： Kremlin: the Russian government The pentagon: the building near Washington DC that is the headquarters of the US Department of Defense and the military leaders 五角大楼（指美国国防部） Hollywood（the film industry in US） Downing Street(British government) Foggy Bottom(雾谷 美 ) Buckingham palace (British Royal ) 6. Synecdoche 提喻: this is a form of metonymy in which a part is stated for the whole or the whole for a part.A part is substituted for the whole or the whole is substituted for a part. A thousand mustaches can live together, but not four breasts. 千条汉子能共处，两个婆娘难相容。 He must work hard to earn his daily bread. He has many mouths to feed in the family. They were short of hands when business was brisk. 7．Euphemism（sweet talk/ gilded words/ cosmetic words）: is the use of a less offensive or less direct way of saying something unpleasant. 委婉语有不同时代的烙印，英国维多利亚女王时代，人体胸部以下名称都忌讳，breast,leg 都不能讲，于是white meat/black meat 分别代替了chicken breast/chicken leg 赤身裸体：in the altogether in a state of nature 女性乳房：globes apples curves charms 放屁 ：pass air let a breeze make a noise 怀孕：be in a family way eating for two swallow a watermelon seed 上厕所： wash one’s hands relieve oneself get some fresh air Answer the call of nature 美国防部原名为：war department 1947年更名为：Department of Defense 7. Irony : consists of saying the opposite of what one means. The user knows 某个旅游的女士别出心裁地制造了“may I go somewhere”导游一时没懂，信口答道“sorry, you can’t now.”弄得女士相当尴尬。 23

that the true meaning will be understood by the listener or reader. Sample sentences: He was such a marvelous teacher that whenever he recognized a spark of genius you could be sure he’d water it. That was a bright remark! It’s pretty state of affairs. It was a peaceful place. The traffic continued throughout the night without a stop! 8. Overstatement (hyperbole): this is a form of exaggeration used for the purpose of emphasis. Overstatement extended~ overstatement: His eloquence would split rocks. Reduced~ overstatement: It is the last straw that breaks the camel’s back. e.g. One father is more than a hundred teachers. (数词) The prices have shot out of this world. (动词) It’s a crime to stay inside on such a beautiful day.(名词) Understatement：double negation negative word + antonym E.g. We can solve the problem. This problem is not above us. He is a man not without ambition. 如: no small, no little, no lack of, no common, no joke, no laughing matter, cannot……too The face wasn’t a bad one; it had what they called charm. 面孔不算难看，有一般人所说的妩媚。 9．Transferred Epithet 移位修饰或移就法 ：in this figure of speech an epithet is transferred from the word to which it would normally belong to another word closely connected with it. Sample sentences: The ploughman homeward plods his weary way. She shook her doubtful curls. IBM has a quire handsome increase of productivity this year. Lazy clouds drifted across the sky. 10.Oxymoron 矛盾修饰法：is the combination of ideas in a seemingly absurd manner. 24

I know that they are all being idly busy. He still regards that as proud humility. 不卑不亢 Painful pleasure 悲喜交集 A thunderous silence 此时无声胜有声 A cheerful pessimist 纵情享乐的厌世者 A bitter-sweet memory 苦甜参半的回忆 Poor rich guys 精神贫穷的富人 A miserable merry Christmas 又悲又喜的圣诞节 A love-hate relationship 既爱又恨的关系 A life-and-death struggle 生死攸关的搏斗 Speaking silence 千言万语的静默 Long-lived death 永垂不朽 10．Alliteration: the first letters are the same. Next to health, heart, home, happiness for mobile Americans depends on the automobile. 对于好动的美国人来说，幸福不仅取决于健康、爱情、舒适、和温暖的家 庭，还取决于汽车。 Sample sayings and proverbs A fair face may hide a foul heart. 笑里藏刀 Dumb dogs are dangerous. 哑巴狗最危险。 Willful waste makes woeful want. 肆意挥霍，家徒四壁。 Tit for tat 针锋相对 With might and main 尽全力 Neither fish, flesh, nor fowl 不伦不类 Safe and sound 安然无恙 Advertisement Sea, sun, sand, sex ——and Spain Tongue twister A big black bug bit a big black bear and made the big black bear bleed blood. She sells seashells on the seashore. A big black bug bit a big black bear, made the big black bear bleed blood. A big black bug bit a big black bear. Where's the big black bear the big black Sample sentences: 25

bug bit? A bitter biting bittern bit a better brother bittern, and the bitter better bittern bit the bitter biter back. And the bitter bittern, bitten, by the better bitten bittern, said: \"I'm a bitter biter bit, alack!\" A bloke's back bike brake block broke。 A flea and a fly were trapped in a flue, and they tried to flee for their life. The flea said to the fly \"Let's flee!\" and the fly said to the flea \"Let's fly!\" Finally both the flea and fly managed to flee through a flaw in the flue. A noisy noise annoys an oyster. A pleasant place to place a plaice is a place where a plaice is pleased to be placed. www.17he.comA tidy tiger tied a tie tighter to tidy her tiny tail. A tree toad loved a she-toad who lived up in a tree. He was a two-toed tree toad but a three-toed toad was she. The two-toed tree toad tried to win the three-toed she-toad's heart, for the two-toed tree toad loved the ground that the three-toed tree toad trod. But the two-toed tree toad tried in vain. He couldn't please her whim. From her tree toad bower with her three-toed power the she-toad vetoed him. All I want is a proper cup of coffee made in a proper copper coffee pot, you can believe it or not, but I just want a cup of coffee in a proper coffee pot. Tin coffee pots or iron coffee pots are of no use to me. If I can't have a proper cup of coffee in a proper copper coffee pot, I'll have a cup of tea! A snow-white swan swiftly to catch a slowly-swimming snake in a lake. Betty and Bob brought back blue balloons from the big bazaar. Betty beat a bit of butter to make a better batter. Betty better butter Brad's bread. Bob bought a big bag of buns to bait the bears' babies. www.17he.com Bill's big brother is building a beautiful building between two big brick blocks. Let students practice the tongue twister. 26

How much wood would a woodchuck chuck if a woodchuck could chuck wood? He would chuck, he would, as much as he could, and chuck as much wood as a woodchuck would if a woodchuck could chuck wood. My dame hath a lame tame crane. My dame hath a crane that is lame. Mr. Cook said to a cook: \"Look at this cook-book. It's very good.\" So the cook took the advice of Mr. Cook and bought the book. Once upon a barren moor there dwelt a bear, also a boar. The bear could not bear the boar. The boar thought the bear a bore. At last the bear could bear no more of that boar that bored him on the moor, and so one morn he bored the boar - that boar will bore the bear no more. Peter Piper picked a peck of pickled pepper prepared by his parents and put them in a big paper plate. Peter Piper picked a peck of pickled peppers. Did Peter Piper pick a peck of pickled peppers? If Peter Piper picked a peck of pickled peppers, where's the peck of pickled peppers Peter Piper picked? She sells seashells by the sea shore. The shells she sells are surely seashells. So if she sells shells on the seashore, I'm sure she sells seashore shells. Shy Shelly says she shall sew sheets. Silly Sally swiftly shooed seven silly sheep. The seven silly sheep Silly Sally shooed shilly-shallied south. These sheep shouldn't sleep in a shack; sheep should sleep in a shed. Silly sheep weep and sleep. 11. pun 双关语: a pun is a play of words with the object of producing a humorous effect. Sample sentences A judge can end a sentence with a sentence. Is life worth living? It depends on the liver. 27

Why is a river so rich? Because it has two banks. 12. analogy (类比) 是一种用于阐述道理的修辞格，即用人们熟悉的事例说明较深的道理，或通过具体的形象阐述抽象的概念。 An individual human existence should be like a river ------ small at first, narrowly contained within its banks, and rushing passionately past boulders and over waterfalls. Gradually the river grows wider, the banks recede, the waters flow more quietly and in the end, without any visible break, they become merged in the sea, and painlessly lose their individual being. -------- Bertrand Russell 人生应该像一条河—— 开始时涓涓细流，仅局限于两岸之间，未免狭窄；然后奔放地冲过巨石，翻越瀑布，慢慢地河面变得开阔，两岸后移，水面更趋于平静，于是最后毫不犹豫地与大海融为一体，毫无苦楚地丧失自己的存在。（人生各个时期人的心胸，人生阅历的变迁被用类比法揭示得淋漓尽致。） Chapter 6 Writing composition The correct use of verbs Verbs followed by Gerunds 跟动名词的动词 To abandon / advocate/ appreciate/ be busy/ can’t help/ catch sb. doing 当场抓住/ comprehend/ defer/ deny/ dislike/ entail/ evade 躲避 / feel like/ forgive/ involve/ it looks like doing 看起来像要/ mind/ postpone/ admit/ anticipate/ avoid/ can’t face doing 不能面对/ can’t stand doing 不能忍受/ celebrate/ contemplate/ delay/ detest/ enjoy/ escape/ excuse/ finish/ grudge/ loath/ mention/ miss/ pardon/ resent/ resume/ shirk 逃避/ waste time doing / begrudge doing 对不感兴趣 对发牢骚/ resist/ risk/ tolerate/ spend one’s life doing 一生致力于/ can’t stick doing 不能容忍不能挺住 跟动名词也可跟不定式的动词 To stop to do sth 停下来做另外一件事 to stop doing sth 停止做正在做的事 To remember to do sth 想起要做某事 to remember doing sth 记得做过某事 To forget to do sth 忘记要做某事 to forget doing sth 忘记做过某事 To like to do sth 喜欢做某事 to like doing sth 喜欢做某事（一般） 动词短语 To compliment sb. on 赞扬某人 to spend money on 花钱在 28

To set one’s heart on to criticize sb. For To have a gift for to make allowances for To blame sb. For to commend sb. For To have a flair for to pardon sb. For To deduce sth. From to ban sb.from To deter sb. From to find a means of To have no intention of to make a success of To deprive sb. Of to make a habit of To make no mention of to adjust oneself to To dedicate oneself to to give one’s mind to To make reference to to condemn sb for To restrain sb from 某人做某事 to congratulate sb on 为祝贺 To have a weakness for 在。。。方面有弱点 to find an excuse for为。。。找借口 To arrest sb for为。。。逮捕某人 to forgive sb for原谅某人某事 To justify oneself for 为自己辩解 to admire sb for因。。。羡慕某人 To chide sb for 为。。。责备某人 to despise sb for为。。。看不起某人 To have reason for 有理由 to praise sb for为。。。表扬某人 To prohibit sb from 禁止某人做某事 to defend sb from保护某人使免受 To accuse sb of 为。。。谴责某人 to have a sense of感到 To make a pretence of 假装 to show no sign of 没有显示 To have a dread of 害怕 to have enough of有足够的 To suspect sb of 怀疑 to attribute sth to 把。。。归因于 To devote oneself to 致力于 to lower oneself to屈身于 坐下 To exempt ab from 免除某人某事 to infer sth from 从。。。推断 To reconcile oneself to 向。。。妥协 to claim damages for为。。。所要损失赔偿 To have many opportunities for 给带来机会 to have a talent for 有。。。方面的才能 To let oneself in for 陷入（麻烦、困境） to discourage sb from 阻止某人做某事 Samples for TEM8 Sample 1 Directions: Joseph Epstein, a famous American writer, once said, \"We decide what is important and what is trivial in life. We decide (so) that what makes us significant is either what we do or what we refuse to do. But no matter how different the universe may be to our choices and decisions, these choices and To pride oneself on to focus attention on 29

decisions are ours to make. We decide. We choose. And as we decide and choose, so are our lives formed. In the end, forming our own destiny is what ambition is about.\" Do you agree or disagree with him? Write an essay of about 400 words entitled: Ambition Ambition Ambition is the decision one makes and the resolution with which he carries out that decision. It provides us with the required driving force to accomplish any undertakings in our life. Just as Joseph Epstein, a famous American writer put it, “And as we decide and choose, so are our lives formed.” Indeed, once we make up our minds to choose to do something, then our life becomes meaningful and specifically orientated. This notion of life, as far as I observe, is closest to truth and does apply to almost all aspects of life. First things first, ambition renders us a sense of mission. No matter what decision you make you have to be responsible for your choice. Your choice procures you a sense of orientation, or more specially a sense of mission. And only a strong mission may enable one to accomplish greatness. Caesar of the ancient Roman Empire was urged by his ambition “I came, I saw, I conquered.” And became an unrivaled empire builder in the history of Rome. John Milton, stimulated always by his ambition that aimed at writing some “mighty lines” which England would unwillingly forget, had in due time secured his position as the second Shakespeare in the history of English literature. In the second place, ambition can bring one’s potentials to the full. Ambition may well serve as a catalyst activating one’s dormant potentials. Without ambition one’s potentials will remain slumbering like a dormant volcano. A case in point is Ms Zhang Haidi, a Chinese Helen Keller. It was her ambition to be a useful person has turned the almost paralyzed Zhang Haidi into a well-accomplished figure whose achievements would dwarf those of some normal people aim at the sun, though, at worst, they may probably land on the moon. Influential as it is upon us, however, ambition must be channeled in the right direction. If wrongly directed, one’s ambition may bring havoc on him and others. Hitler, whose ambition was to conquer Europe by whatever evil means,

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Let students appreciate TEM8 compositions. finally turned him into a demon. It was this demon that almost cast Europe into an unfathomable abyss of anguish and suffering. Another case is Macbeth whose ambition was to become the king of Scotland. However, his ambition was materialized by the murder of King Duncan. Consequently, unbearable guilt and psychological agony drove him to his tragic doom. To sum up, ambition can benefit us tremendously if wisely and correctly channeled, otherwise it may ruin others and ourselves. A poet says: life can be bad; life can be good; life can be dirty; life can be sad,; life can even be painful. In my mind’s eye, a person can make his life beautiful, meaningful and rewarding and stand out as a respectable personage if he is motivated by a well-orientated ambition. Sample 2 Ambition It provides us with the required driving force to accomplish any undertakings in our life. Just as Joseph Epstein, a famous American writer put it,“ And as we decide and choose, so are our lives formed.” Indeed, once we make up our minds to choose to do something, then our life becomes meaningful and specifically orientated. This notion of life, as far as I observe, is closest to truth and does apply to almost all aspects of life. First things first, ambition renders us a sense of mission. No matter what decision you make you have to be responsible for your choice. Your choice procures you a sense of orientation, or more specially a sense of mission. And only a strong mission may enable one to accomplish greatness. Caesar of the ancient Roman Empire was urged by his ambition “I came, I saw, I conquered.” And became an unrivaled empire builder in the history of Rome. John Milton, stimulated always by his ambition that aimed at writing some “mighty lines” which England would unwillingly forget, had in due time secured his position as the second Shakespeare in the history of English literature. In the second place, ambition can bring one’s potentials to the full. Ambition may well serve as a catalyst activating one’s dormant potentials. Without ambition one’s potentials will remain slumbering like a dormant volcano. A case in point is Ms Zhang Haidi, a Chinese Helen Keller. It was her

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ambition to be a useful person has turned the almost paralyzed Zhang Haidi into a well-accomplished figure whose achievements would dwarf those of some normal people aim at the sun, though, at worst, they may probably land on the moon. Influential as it is upon us, however, ambition must be channeled in the right direction. If wrongly directed, one’s ambition may bring havoc on him and others. Hitler, whose ambition was to conquer Europe by whatever evil means, finally turned him into a demon. It was this demon that almost cast Europe into an unfathomable abyss of anguish and suffering. Another case is Macbeth whose ambition was to become the king of Scotland. However, his ambition was materialized by the murder of King Duncan. Consequently, unbearable guilt and psychological agony drove him to his tragic doom. To sum up, ambition can benefit us tremendously if wisely and correctly channeled, otherwise it may ruin others and ourselves. A poet says: life can be bad. Life can be good. Life can be dirty. Life can be sad. Life can even be painful. In my mind’s eye, a person can make his life beautiful, meaningful and rewarding and stand out as a respectable personage if he is motivated by a well-orientated ambition. Sample 3 Children should begin their formal schooling at an early age People have different views on what children should do at a very early age. Some think that children should begin their formal education and start to spend most of their time on studies. Others believe that it is still time for young children to play. Both views are based on respective ground. Those who argue for the playing time for children suggest that children at a very early age are still too young to focus their attention on learning. Their brain may not be ready for serious studies such as comprehension and memorizing learning materials. These people are partially right, for it is true that young children can hardly concentrate. Their attention on one thing lasts for no longer than 15 minutes or so. But we can arrange classes for shorter periods, can’t we? And we can shift teaching subjects. Through putting them to

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study, young children are occupied with learning but not with playing. Those who argue for children’s early commencement for formal education believe that being put to studies, children can develop good habit of studying, for the process of learning helps develop children’s mental abilities like the ability to memorize, the ability to understand and the ability to do simple calculation. Children’s habit of studying and love for learning are of great importance to youngsters because these two things set up the sound foundation for their future studies. Having children start formal education at a very early age benefits young children much more than simply letting them play most of their time. A good habit needs a long time to develop to become a second nature. More importantly, it is better to develop a good habit before a bad one may grow. Similarly, the love for learning should take toots for before the love for playing is established. Sample 4 Should a person make an important decision alone? A person should never make an important decision alone, important decisions should be well thought out. People who know you well, know what is best for you, and close to you can give you good advice, give you a different perspective, or share their own experience. When I had difficulty deciding which classes to take in collage, I talked to my teachers and advisors; they had the knowledge and expertise to help me determine which classes were the best ones to take for my future career. Without their advice, I might have chosen unsuitable courses. In collage, I had convinced myself that I was not good enough to act in the school play. Therefore, I decided not to audition even though drama had always been my passion. The day of the audition, a friend of mine asked me why I was not auditioning. When I told her I did not feel I was good enough, she was 33

shocked, she was able to provide me with another perspective on myself and my talents. I rethought my decision and tried out….and got a lead in the play. Last year when I was trying to decide whether or not I should study overseas, I talked to my friend. This was the best thing I could have done. This was a big decision for me because I had never been overseas on my own and I was not sure if I could do it. She had studied overseas the precious year. She told me about the challenges and opportunities I might encounter and helped me make the right decision. I went and it was amazing. Whenever I am faced with an important decision, I seek advice from others so that I am well-informed and have the benefit of their perspective and experience. Sample 5 My opinion on advertisement Advertisements appear everywhere in modern society. There are many way to advertise and ads come in different forms. Newspapers and billboards carry advertisements; some products are announced on TV and radio which have a wide audience. Advertising is a big industry and many agencies are set up for furnish a variety of services for it. However, advertising is not welcome sometimes. A most irritating thing is to watch advertisements before and during films on TV. There are so many of them that they make you forget what you are sitting there for. The ironical thing is that advertisements of one type of things are often shown one after another so that you are confused as to which product you should choose. What’s more, advertising is not always truthful. The advertisers exaggerate the benefits of the merchandise they want to sell in order to gain more profits. Thus the consumer falls victim to such advertising. Although there are disadvantages of ads, we can not forget the advantages and the conveniences they bring to us. First, by telling us where something is available, they may save us money and time. They guide us in finding suitable jobs and other information as well. Secondly, a wide range of activities and 34

institutions receive financial support through advertising. Without this support we would have to pay much more for newspapers and sports games. Thirdly, perfect advertisements even provide entertainment. A considerable amount of effort goes into their production. So in most cases the photography is truly artistic, the slogans are genuinely witty, and the situations are decidedly funny. Generally speaking, advertisements have become one of the most authoritative voices speaking to us today. Let us make our life easier by learning to choose proper ads, and be the master of advertisements, not their salve. Sample 6 TEM8 Composition What personal qualities should a qualified university graduate possess in order to be successful in the present-day society? People may concur on a number of elements such as honesty, knowledge, ability, cooperativeness, communicative competence, adaptability, among others. Yet opinions may vary on which of these qualities is most important. Personally, I would like to argue that adaptability outweighs the others now that today’s society obviously runs in a state of flux. To begin with, a mobile society demands talents who can easily adapt to the development of society. In the span of three or four years, students can indeed acquire a lot of expertise from their academic schooling. However, it would be too naïve to believe that the knowledge thus acquired will be enough for the future work. In fact, the world keeps on changing. What one has learned in college may soon grow outdated, as in the case of computer technology. In order to be successful, a college graduate must be capable of meeting the changing needs of his or her post. That one lives to learn underscores the necessity to keep learning for the sake of easy adaptation. Secondly, a university graduate should be able to survive in new surroundings. The first years of the new century has witnessed frequent migration of people. Even in a single country like China, there exists geographical and cultural diversity across different regions. For example, while people in Shenzhen pass their winter as a nice season in the year, those in Beijing complain about the chilling cold. Even more troublesome is the difference in their customs and living habits. Misunderstanding often arises as a result of the failure to recognize these divergences. Therefore, college students need to get 35

acquainted with the cultural ways of the places they will work in. Moreover, as interpersonal relations play an important part in people’s career, university students also need to know how to quickly adjust themselves so as to be on good terms with whatever colleagues they may work with in the future. In a mobile society, they are not expected to stay on one and the same post and place permanently. They may change jobs and places occasionally. Then it is highly necessary that they get acquainted with their new colleagues as soon as possible and establish friendly relations with them. After all, a friendly environment may promote the chances of professional success. In a nutshell, adaptability is of chief importance to university graduates in many ways. It is a kind of quality that may enable them to get accustomed to their working conditions and work towards one success after another. Sample 7 Living in university dormitories or apartments in the community? I think it is better for college students to live on campus during their first two years, and then move into an apartment for off-campus life, while juniors and seniors need the independence of off-campus life. Student’s needs change over four years, so their housing should too. Living on-campus makes it easier to get oriented to the way things are done. You get the whole university experience. Plus, you interact more with other students. This includes not only your roommates, but everyone in your dormitory. The older students in the dormitory can be a big help for the new students. Keeping up with studies in your first year is hard enough. You should not have to worry about finding your way around and figuring out the university bureaucracy. Living in the dormitory also makes a student feel more a part of the university community. There are more opportunities for becoming involved in university activities and networking with students and university administration. Living off-campus, however, is a definite advantage for older students. Finding an apartment, dealing with leases and the landlord’s regulations, cooking meals, and figuring out budgets are all good practice for life after graduation. This kind of independence helps older students grow in adulthood. Off-campus housing also gives students a better perspective on what is going on around them. Campus can be like little worlds of their own. There are few children or older people and everyone is focused on education. Getting to know neighbors who are not students is good for students coming from difference places. It is a chance to find out what other 36

people think and feel. I think a combination of two years on-campus and two years off-campus is a winning combination for most students. Sample 8 Providing physical exercises should not be the schools responsibility? While physical exercise is important, I do not believe that it is the school’s responsibility to provide physical training for its students. That is something that everyone can take care of on his or her own. Many students get plenty of physical exercise as part of their daily life or recreation. A student who bicycles ten miles to and from school does not need more exercise. A good physical education program must take a student’s outside activity into consideration. Otherwise, some students will spend valuable class hours repeating physical exercise. If a school offers such activities, it also suggests that students will be graded on them. The range of possible physical activities is great: football, swimming, weight lifting, ballet, ballroom dance, yoga, skiing, horseback riding, and golf are just a few. However, the number of activities that a school could offer is small. Some students could get bad grades in physical education simply because the school could not provide an activity they enjoy or do well. This seems unfair. Research suggests that participation, not excellence, in these activities determines the physical benefits the body will get. Another issue is economic. Many schools do not have the money to provide great facilities, playing fields, and athletic equipment for their student. Other schools are located in cities where the kind of space just is not available. A few schools would rather keep money for academic purposes. Schools can certainly encourage physical activity. They can provide space for activities, events, and classes for physical activities. They can encourage students to plan time away from academic studies to get some exercise. However, I think that providing exercise should not be the schools responsibility. Preparations for TEM4 Assignment 1: Will Phones Kill Letter Writing? The Revision Suggestion for Assignment 1 Example 1: One example is that people live in different provinces or different countries Assign composition. the 37

who want to communicate with each other, it’s not a economical way to phone each other. Possible correction: For example, for those who live in different provinces of a country or different countries, making a phone call is not an economical way to communicate regularly. Example 2: On the other hand, more and more people like writing on the internet. It is the same way with letter writing. (CE) Possible correction: On the other hand, … (This is a typical CE, and we’d better write it in another way.) Example 3: For one thing, letter writing is necessary for the people who have no condition to use other facilities, such as soldiers who are not allowed to use phones whenever they want to and someone living in poor area which have no phones and so on. (CE) Assignment 2: People in modern society live under a lot of pressure, form education, career, or family. So it is important for them to keep a good mood under whatever circumstances. The Importance of Keeping a Good Mood The Revision Suggestion for Assignment 2 CE: In my opinion, a good mood is the same meaning as an active attitude. Nowadays, our standard of living has reached a high level, but more and more …. Possible correction: With the improvement of living condition, more and more … Sentence fragment: First, it’s beneficial to people’s health. Because many of them always suffer a lot of pressure from education, career, or family. Suggestion: Adverbial clause of cause can never be separated from the main clause. Because a low mood always you confused, and you can’t concentrated on Comment students’ compositions. on 38

you study. Suggestion: There are four places in this sentence that are with errors. The usages of the following words are easily mistakable. lack suffer situation, condition, and circumstances situation 1. location position; job （尤指仆役等的）职位，工作：situation wanted ads / be in (out of) a situation 处境，境遇；在一定时间内作用于生物的内外总刺激：be in an embarrassing situation 处境尴尬 行驶；局面：the international (domestic) situation condition 1. 条件：subjective (objective) conditions 主客观条件 2.（人、事物本身的）状况，状态：[复]环境；形势：The patient was in a critical condition. / The cargo has been delivered in good condition. / The ship is not in a condition to make a long voyage. / in (under) war conditions 在战争环境中 / in (under) favourable conditions 在有利的形势下 3. (社会)地位，身份：people of every condition (of all conditions) 各种身份的人/ be in low condition 社会地位低下 4. [美] （有补考资格的）不及格分数（通常用”E”作为评分符号） Phr. make it a condition that … 以… 为条件 on ( upon) condition that … 如果，在…条件下 on this (that) condition 在这个（那个）条件下 circumstance 1.[pl.]情况，环境:act according to circumstances 随机应变/ in (under) present (the prevailing) circumstances 在当前情况下 / in (under) certain (any) circumstances 在某种（任何）情况下 2. [pl.]境况，境遇:in favourable (adverse) circumstances在顺（逆）境中 / in easy circumstances 在富裕的生活环境中 / in bad (good) circumstances 境况不好（好） / in reduced circumstances 在穷困中/ in striated circumstances 在穷困中 39

Phr.: in (under) no circumstances 决不；无论如何 in (under) the circumstances （情况）既然这样 mood be in the mood to do sth. / for sth. Be in no mood to do sth. /for sth. (pl.) 喜怒无常：a man of moods Samples for CET4 & TEM4 2004年6月四级作文题及范文 评分 Directions: For this part, you are allowed 30 minutes to write a composition entitled A Brief Introduction to a Tourist Attraction. You should write at least 120 words according to the following guidelines: Your role: a tour guide Your audience: a group of foreign tourists Your introduction should include: some welcoming words the schedule for the day a description of the place the tourists will be visiting (e.g. a scenic spot or a historical site, etc.) You should make the introduction interesting and the arrangements for the day clear to everybody. 范文： Good morning, ladies and gentleman, welcome to Beijing. To begin with, I would like to introduce myself: I am the tourist guide from China Travel Service and it’s great honor to stay here with all of you for a whole day. Just as the old saying goes, “It is always a pleasure to greet a friend from afar”， I wish all of you to enjoy yourselves during this trip. The following is schedule of the day. The first spot we are going to visit is the Great Wall, the grandest fortification in ancient China. The next sight to look around is the Ming Tombs, which is one of the best 40

-preserved tombs for 13 emperors in Ming Dynasty more than one thous and years ago. In the afternoon, we will go for the Summer Palace, the royal park for Chinese ancient emperors. Currently we are on the way to the Great Wall. Dating back to the seven century B.C., the Great Wall is constructed by respective states for fortifying against invasion of neighboring states. By the reasons of long history and its length, it becomes one of the eight wonders in the world and represents the highest wisdom and crafts. From the top of the Great Wall, we can enjoy a magnificent view of continuous mountains, green trees and blooming wild flowers. It is no doubt that one says, “He who has never been to the Great Wall is not a true man”。 Above is my introduction to the Great Wall. If any of you have questions, please feel free to ask me at any time. 2004年1月四级作文题及范文 评分 Directions: 1．建议报考的专业及理由 2．报考该专业的基本条件 3．应当如何备考 A Letter in Reply to a Friend December 27th, 2003 Dear 范文： December 27, 2003 Dear When it comes to which major you should choose, I propose that you apply for the major of English. To begin with, English is the most popular language in the world, which is widely used in all fields such as teaching, translation, foreign trade and so on. What’s more, it goes without saying that English majors are more likely to find a good job in the tighter and tighter job market. In order to study at English Department, you have to meet the follo 41

wing requirements. In the first place, you have to spend a lot of time o n it, just as the old saying goes, “Practice makes perfect”. In the second place, the basic skills of reading, writing, listening and speaking are necessary, because they are the foundations for your future study. Last but not the least important, you need an intense interest in learning English since “interest is the best teacher.” As far as the preparation work is concerned, you should first of all review all the required vocabulary. In addition, you’d better spend some time on reading and writing. Only through these measures can you hope to enroll in our university. Yours 2003年9月四级作文题及范文 评分 Directions: 1.简单叙述一下这位同学生病（或受伤）的情况 2.同学、老师和我是如何帮助他/她的 3.人与人之间的这种相互关爱给我的感受是…… The Day My Classmate Fell Ill (or Got Injured) 范文： During the SARS period in this spring, the year of 2003, one of my classmates, Li ming, was struck down by the virus and was immediately sent to hospital. The news spread quickly on campus. At first, we were terrified and wondered if we were infected too. However, through our government's publicity on mass media, we gradually conquered the fear and set out to try out best to help her. Some teachers provided daily necessities while some students recorded the English class contents for him so that Li Ming could not be left behind. With our care and concern, Li Ming recovered quickly. Such an incident teaches us a good moral. Our society is full of love, warm and peaceful, in which people-from man to woman, from indiv

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idual to individual-lend others a hand. Just like a famous song goes, \"th e world will turn it to heaven only if everyone contributes a little.\" and I do believe that it's my great honor to live in this love-filled paradise! 2003年1月四级作文题及范文 评分 Directions: For this part, you are allowed thirty minutes to write a composition on the topic It Pays to Be Honest. You should write at least 120 words according to the outline given below in Chinese. 1. 当前社会上存在许多不诚实的现象 2. 诚实利人利已，做人应该诚实 It Pays to Be Honest 范文： Although honesty is believed to be a virtue, there are still dishonest people in our society. For example, some businessmen sell fake product to their consumers; some students cheat in the exams. Dishonest people are short-sighted. Those who sell fake products may make money at first, but consumers won’t buy their products any more. As a result, they will lose their fortune or even be sent to prison. By contrast, honest people gain a lot. Those who always tell truth or keep to their promise not only let others trust them but gain respect from other people as well. Such persons are sure to have a lot of good friends. Because they are trustable and respectable, everyone is eager to make friends with them, Besides, it is easier for a person with a good record to get a good job. Generally speaking, every employer wants his employees to be honest. So we can say that anyone who is honest will be paid back later. In a word, honesty wins trust, respect and honor. So it is important that we should be honest. 2002年6月四级作文题及范文 评分 43

Directions: For this part, you are allowed thirty minutes to write a composition on the topic: Student Use of Computers. You should write at least 150 words, and base your composition on the outline given in Chinese below: 1. 上图所示为某校大学生平均每周使用计算机的时间: 1990年（2 hours）、1995年(4 hours)、2002年(14 hours)，请描述其变化； 2. 请说明发生这些变化的原因（可从计算机的用途、价格或社会发展等方面加以说明）； 3. 你认为目前大学生在计算机使用中有什么困难或问题。 Student Use of Computers 范文： Students tend to use computers more and more nowadays. Reading this chart, we can find that the average number of hours a student spends on the computer per week has increased sharply. In 1990, it was less than 2 hours; and in 1995, it increased to almost 4 hours; while in 2000, the number soared to 20 hours. Obviously computers are becoming more and more popular. There are several reasons for this. First, computers facilitate us in more aspects of life. Also, the fast development of the Internet enlarges our demands for using computers. We can easily contact with friends in remote places through the Internet. Besides, the prices of computers are getting lower and lower, which enables more students to purchase them. Along with the time spent on computers, there arise some problems. The most serious one is that many students are spending so much time playing PC games so that they ignore their studies. It is urgent to let the students use computers in a proper way. A BRIEF DESCRIPTION OF MY LEISURE ACTIVITIES Leisure activities rank among life’s great pleasures. They are activities in which one participates strictly for amusement. They provide a change from routine life and are usually relaxing, enjoyable, and interesting. They help me to maintain a mental and emotional balance.

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In my life, I enjoy many activities. One of them is music. I often play musical instruments for fun in my free hours. Sports provide other favorite hobbies. Cycling, running, tennis and swimming are all popular hobbies I value much. However, my favorite leisure activity is traveling by bike. I can set out when I like and stop when I like. I can go wherever I like. So I can enjoy delightful spots rarely visited by other travelers. When I feel tired, I sit down by the bike and have a good rest. Besides, I can save much money for tickets and save much time in waiting for the train or bus. I can cover more places by riding a bike than going on foot. Traveling by bike is good to health. It is really a sort of good exercise to strengthen my muscles and to test my will. Moreover, it brings no pollution to the air. So it helps to clean the atmosphere. I love traveling by bike. Are Part-time Jobs Beneficial to College Students Some students say that part-time jobs affect studies to some extent. At college, there are so many subjects to study and so much homework to do that time is precious to them. Besides, free time should be spent in taking a bath, writing letters or washing clothes. As a result, there is no time available especially for science students to do part-time jobs. Others have an opposite idea. They believe that knowledge is acquired not only from books but also from practical experiences, one kind of which is part-time jobs. For example, a spare time salesman’s job can teach one knowledge of goods for sale efficiently or business ethics in order to meet the needs of the future work. As to me, I agree to the latter opinion in a way. Various part-time jobs can develop our skills or capabilities such as sales, typing, tutorage or translation. Of course, it is improper for students to overdo part-time jobs. On the whole, part-time jobs are of benefit to students not only financially but also in the development and formation of character. A Major Disadvantage of Advertising on Television Nowadays, people constantly find themselves exposed to various advertising on TV. TV ad. Is indeed necessary to people, but it also has disadvantages and I think the major disadvantage is that some TV ads are misleading. For example, some medicines are advertised on TV as having the effect to increase intelligence, so many children pressed their parents for these medicines instead of studying hard. There are also ads on medicines that can help people lose weight or grow taller. Many people bought and took the medicines, but they didn’t get their ideal figure, instead, they get sick. Moreover, some TV ads promote their products by using violence or 45

pornographic pictures, this undoubtedly amounts to a spiritual pollution to us. In a word, some advertising on TV leads people to an incorrect way of life. Therefore a strict law should be issued to keep the TV ads under control. I think under a right guidance, TV ads will play a better and better role in the future. No Pains, No Gains (1) No great work can be performed without effort. We envy famous men and imagine that their fame was due to some stroke of luck. But when we know their histories, we find that it is long years of patient toil and constant effort that have brought about their success. Just as we cannot reach the top of a mountain without climbing, we cannot achieve success without effort and hard work. Diligence is the key factor of success. Diligence gives every man and woman, every boy and girl, proper work to do. Many men have become great because of their hardship. Diligence can make a fool wise and a poor man rich. Thus, we know that diligence is a good thing. To do nothing is to bring ruin upon oneself. Idleness is the root of all evils. Many men love idleness. They eat delicious things and wear beautiful clothes, and waste both time and money in past time. Such a man does not know how to study and work. We have many evils to overcome and much good to do. To get fruitful results we must guard against idleness which leads to much wickedness. (2) “No pains, no gains” is an ancient saying which holds much meaning for us today. Most people want to be successful and outstanding in their posts, but some of them do not make any effort. They often complain of their abilities and become discouraged. Looking back on the old saying: no pains, no gains, we may get benefits from it and become aware of the deep meaning in it. For example, the Olympic athletes have to train for months or years before they can compete with others. Without practicing the athletes, even those with the best talents in sports, can’t win the championship. Veteran athletes understand the old saying. Another good example in point is my English study. At first, my English was not good. I was so dismayed that I almost gave it up. It was the ancient saying that brought me back. It gave me full confidence to learn the language well. Since then, I have spent much time on it and made great progress. My experience proves the old saying: no pains, no gains. 46

Chapter 7: Writing for Practical Purposes Notes Appointments Apologies Requests Thanks Messages Dear Jimmy: I am terribly sorry to learn of your unexpected illness. I can’t believe it. You looked so healthy when I saw you last time. I miss you very much and want to know whether you’re getting better now. Don’t worry about your final examinations. I’ll help you make up your lessons and I ‘m sure everything will be okay. In the mean time, please accept my best wishes for a complete and speedy recovery. Yours, Annie Formal Invitations Dear Mr. Johnson: 2003/3/3 We should be very grateful if you could give us a talk on ‘ The American Culture” to students of the English Department on Wednesday, March, 12. If this subject does not suit you, any other similar topic would also be welcome. We have already had several very interesting talks from distinguished visitors from various countries this semester and look forward eagerly to the opportunity to benefit from your experience and wisdom. Sincerely yours, Zhu Ming President, Student Union, Chang Chun University of Technology Dear Sir ( Madam ), Feb. 28, 2003 I saw your excellent advertisement about the literature scholarship in the evening paper. I am interested in it and writing to you to obtain answers to three questions concerning this scholarship: How long will this advertisement keep valid? Am I qualified if I am an amateur writer? If so, how to apply for it? For quick response, you may jot the answers to my questions on this letter. Please also send me any detailed information available on the scholarship. I would appreciate the information as quickly as possible. I have enclosed a stamped, self-addressed envelope for your convenience. Very truly yours, Annie Milton 47

For sale I have a blue bicycle of 24-feet for sale at present before I leave university. It is an old one but every part of it can work very well. I would like to sell it for 120 RMB. If there is somebody who is interested in it, please contact me as soon as possible in Class 00112 or at 4512023. My name is Linda. 三、写作部分写作技巧与真题分析 SECTION A 作文（Composition）部分 (一) 错误分析 作文是考察学生逻辑思维、展开和理清思路、以充分论据证明、用规范的英语把自己观点写出来的能力。学生在四级考试中要在35分钟内写出一篇完整的作文。根据历年来的专业四级考试情况，学生在作文部分存在的问题主要有： 1. 内容空洞，表现出的知识面狭窄，想象力不够丰富；文章不切题，主题不明显。 2. 段落之间、句子之间衔接不顺畅，连贯性差，连接词的使用不规范，文章缺乏整体一致性。 3. 词汇量小，用词单调、表意不清，词性区分不明，词义褒贬不明，搭配不当，拼写错误，标点符号运用混乱。 4. 时态、人称混乱，语法错误过多。句型单调，句子结构简单，中式英文、翻译式句子较多。 5. 平铺直叙，缺乏修辞手法的运用，语言平淡无奇。 (二) 写作技巧 要想提高写作水平绝不是一朝一夕的功夫，而是要求学生在日常的学习中日积月累，不断练习，熟能生巧。这包含如下几点内容： 1. 应试注意事项： （1）仔细审题。仔细阅读所提问题及作文要求，确定文章的体裁和主题思想，避免跑题。如果是提纲式作文，要注意提纲中的关键词。 （2）列出提纲。提纲对于作文是十分必要和重要的，它是文章的框架结构。确定文章主题以后，从整体布局来构筑文章的框架。 （3）扩展提纲。写作文时切记要围绕主题和提纲，列出主题句和扩展句。注意使用合适的关联词语。切记内容充实，叙述要言之有物。如果是议论文，要注意对比和比较正反两种观点，支持其中之一，反对另一观点。注意使论述有说服力。 （4）写完之后要认真通读全文，注意全文的一致性，拼写的正确性，句子结构的多样性和语法运用的规范性。 48

（5）注意保持卷面整洁，字迹工整，段落清晰。 2. 作文分类： 分析近年来的作文试题，专业英语四级的作文考题基本上为议论文，议论文主要是通过事实材料和逻辑推理来阐释自己的观点和主张，表明赞成什么、反对什么。 例1：（TEM4-2003） People in modern society live under a lot of pressure, from education, career, or family. So it is important for them to keep a good mood under whatever circumstances. Write on ANSWER SHEET ONE a composition of about 150 words on the following topic: The Importance of Keeping A Good Mood You are to write in three parts. In the first part, state specifically what your view is. In the second part, support your view with one or two reasons. In the last part, bring what you have written to a natural conclusion or a summary. 范文： With the rapid development of economy and society, people’s living pace becomes faster and faster. As a result, people in modern society tend to live under a lot of pressure, from education, career, or family. In this case, it is important to learn to “survive” the society and relieve oneself from the pressure. That is, it is important to keep a good mood, for the good mood is the very guarantee of good health, and good health is the very guarantee of success of every aspect of life. People in modern society suffer from a lot of pressure, and they are inclined to be anxious, worried and gloomy. If they cannot relieve themselves from such terrible mood, it is likely that they will collapse someday and bad mood can also lead to poor health. To some extent, it is safe to say that no good mood, no good health. In summary, it is important for people in modern society to keep a good mood, without which nothing can be guaranteed. As long as people come to realize the importance of it, they can try to adjust themselves in their own ways. 范文中第一段中的第一句划线部分是写作中的常用句型，如With the popularization of computers “随着计算机的普及”，With the improvement of people’s living condition “随着人民生活水平的提高”等。第一段中的第二句划线部分提出作者的观点。范文第二段的划线部分是模仿谚语“No pains, no gains.”造出的句子, 在四级作文写作中，学生可以适当引用谚语来作为论据使用。下面是常用谚语的总结： (1) Example is better than precept. 身教重于言教。 (2) From words to deeds is a great space. 说来容易做到难。 (3) Actions speak louder than words. 事实胜于雄辩。 49

(4) Better aught than naught. 聊胜于无。 (5) Content is more than a kingdom. 知足者常乐。 (6) Health is above wealth. 健康胜于财富。 (7) Many a little makes a mickle. 聚沙成塔，积少成多。 (8) One swallow does not make a summer. 一燕不成夏，独木不成林。 (9) You cannot make bricks without straw. 巧妇难为无米之炊。 例2：（TEM4-1999） A Major Advantage/Disadvantage of Advertising On Television You are to write in three paragraphs. In the first paragraph, state just ONE major advantage or disadvantage of TV advertising. In the second paragraph, give one or two reasons to support your point of view. In the last paragraph, bring what you have written to a natural conclusion. 范文： Nowadays on television, we can see various kinds of advertisements. As to whether advertising on television is good or not, different people have different ideas. In my opinion, the advantages of advertising on TV outweigh the disadvantages, and one major advantage of TV advertising is that manufacturers and producers can more easily reach their commercial goals by means of TV advertising. There are at least two reasons for saying so. For one thing, with the improvement of people’s living condition, TV sets have entered almost every household. This can ensure that there will be as many people as possible seeing the advertisements. For another, compared with advertisements on other media such as radio and newspaper, advertisements on TV have the visual attraction to people watching TV. That is, TV advertisements are more appreciateable and more attractive. In summary, advertising on TV is an advisable decision for manufacturers. The wide coverage of TV and the charm of excellent TV advertisements both prove that a major advantage of advertising on television is that commercial goals of the manufacturers can be more easily reached. 范文中第一段划线部分提出电视广告的一个主要优点是什么。第二段划线部分提出理由来支持自己的观点，其中关键连接词是For one thing… For another“一方面……另一方面”，同类型的连接词还有First… Second “第一……第二”, On the one hand…On the other hand “一方面……另一方面”。第三段的划线部分是表示总结的连接词，意思是“总结来看”，同类型的连接词还有In a word, In brief, To sum up, To summarize, In conclusion等。 50

例3: （TEM4-1996） Every college student would agree that life in college is not the same as it was in the middle school. Now, you have been asked by the Students’ Union to write a passage entitled: The Main Difference Between My College Life And Middle School Life as a part of an introduction program for new students coming in September. You are to write in three paragraphs: In the first paragraph, state clearly what you think the main difference is between college and middle school life. In the second paragraph, state which life you prefer and why. In the last paragraph, bring what you have written to a natural conclusion with a summary or suggestion. 范文： As is known to us all, college life and middle school life are quite different. The main difference between my college life and middle school life is that in my college life I can learn on my own and I know what I should learn, while in my middle school life I had to study and I studied only for passing the college entrance examination. Of the two kinds of different life styles, I prefer my college life. There are several reasons for my preference. First of all, I needn’t study under great pressure and I can enjoy more free time. Furthermore, I study with my own interest, and I have more freedom to make my own choices. Finally, college life is more colorful and more attractive. Besides study itself, there are many other activities which can benefit students. In brief, I can never forget my middle school life, while compared with it, I like my college life better. I become more mature in my college life and I know definitely what I should study and what I study for. I will make full use of my precious college life to make a useful person out of myself. 范文中第一段划线部分指出大学生活和中学生活的主要区别。第二段用There are several reasons for my preference.引出喜欢大学生活的理由。注意文中第二段和第三段中划线部分连接词的使用。 例4：（TEM4-1995） Nowadays it has become fashionable for college students to take a part-time job in their spare time. Discuss the advantages and disadvantages of this trend. You are to write three paragraphs: In the first paragraph, state clearly your viewpoint on both the advantages and disadvantages. In the second paragraph, support your viewpoint with details or examples. In the last paragraph, bring what you have written to a natural conclusion with a summary or a suggestion. 51

范文： Nowadays it has become fashionable for college students to take a part-time job in their spare time. As to whether it is good for students to do so, different people hold different views. In my view of point, every coin has two sides. Taking part-time jobs has both advantages and disadvantages. It is advantageous because college students can step out of the ivory of campus and practice their ability in practice. However, it is disadvantageous because college students who take part-time jobs cannot have enough time and energy to study. There is no denying that it is good for students to practice their practical ability by taking part-time jobs. As we know, it is not enough for college students in modern society to know the knowledge from textbooks. That is the very reason for them to take part-time jobs. In addition, the students can also make some money. On the other hand, we have to admit that too much part-time work will take up much of the students’ time. As a result, the students cannot concentrate on their study. In this case, part-time jobs will have negative effect on the study. In my opinion, part-time job itself is good for college students. The students should make use of their spare time to do the part-time job on the condition that they can ensure enough time for their study. 注意使用范文中划线部分的连接短语。“Every coin has two sides.”常用于选择分析性作文中，表示“事情总有正反两个方面”，以此为连接，接下来可展开谈事情的正反两个方面。“There is no denying that…”意思是“不可否认的是……”，“As we know”意思是“正如我们所知”，“As a result”意思是“结果，因此”，“In this case”意思是“在这种情况下”，学生应该通过学习范文学会使用类似的连接短语。 SECTION B 便条(Note-writing)部分 在专业英语四级考试中，要求学生根据提示写大约50-60词的通知、便条、请帖等。要求格式正确，语言得体。考试时间10分钟，分值是10分。这类便条是为了不同的目的而写的短信。与普通的英文信件相比，便条在格式上简单，在语言上口语化，用最简单直白的话语表达清楚写此便条的目的就可以了。 (一) 便条的书写格式 右上角写日期，一般只写月日，不写年份，若要求写出星期，则写在月日的前面；左上角的称呼语可省去表示礼貌的“Dear”,但若是写给比自己职位或年龄高的人时应加上该词，以示礼貌；便条正文右下角写上自己的姓名。 (二) 写作技巧及真题分析 在便条写作时，首先写出题干部分所列出的背景知识，考生可直接转述题干部 52

分的原文，也可根据大致含意重新组织语言。由于便条篇幅较短，考生一定要仔细阅读题干部分所提示的内容，不要遗漏所要求的写作细节。 便条按照功能或目的分类包括短信、致谢、致歉、邀请、要求、通知等，分析近十年来的便条写作考题，主要有以下几类： （1）短信： 例1：（TEM4-2000） Write on ANSWER SHEET ONE a note of about 50-60 words based on the following situation: You have read on the notice board that the university library is looking for a part-time library assistant who can work at weekends. You think that your classmate, George, is a suitable person for this vacancy. Write him a note, telling him what you know about the vacancy and trying to persuade him to go for an interview. 题干中所提示的背景知识是You have read on the notice board that the university library is looking for a part-time library assistant who can work at weekends，细节部分是telling him what you know about the vacancy and trying to persuade him to go for an interview，要求考生要写出劝说George去参加面试的理由。 范文： May 10 George, I read on the notice board this afternoon that our university library is looking for a part-time library assistant who can work at weekends. It occurred to me that you told me you wanted to get a part-time job to relieve your parents’ burden. Here comes the opportunity! I think you are suitable for this vacancy, for you are a quiet boy and you love reading. Furthermore, you can work in our campus and needn’t bother to go out of the school. So, don’t miss the interview which is to be held at 3pm tomorrow afternoon in Room 112 of the library. Mary 范文中第一句划线部分是转述题干所提示的背景知识，第二句是劝说George去参加面试的理由。 例2：（TEM4-1998） Write on ANSWER SHEET ONE a note of about 50-60 words based on the following situation: You are Mark or Sally. You have got a ticket to a computer fair, but you now find that you are unable to go. Write a note to your friend, George, explaining why you are sending the enclosed tickets to him and telling him briefly how to get there. 53

题干中所提示的背景知识是You have got a ticket to a computer fair, but you now find that you are unable to go，细节部分是explaining why you are sending the enclosed tickets to him and telling him briefly how to get there.，要求考生要写出送给George计算机博览会入场券的原因以及如何到达博览会地点。另外一个细节部分是You are Mark or Sally，考生在写完便条签名时只能写Mark 或Sally。 范文： May 10 George, I have got a ticket to a computer fair, but unfortunately, I was informed this morning that I am assigned to go to Shanghai for an urgent conference. Since I know you are also a computer fan and you must be interested in this computer fair, I am sending you the enclosed ticket and hope that you can enjoy yourself. The fair is held in the International Exhibition Center which is near to railway station and you may get there by No.6 bus. Sally 范文中第一句划线部分是转述题干所提示的背景知识，第二句划线部分是送给George计算机博览会入场券的原因, 第三句划线部分是如何到达博览会地点。 （2）致歉： 例1：（TEM4-2001） Write on ANSWER SHEET ONE a note of about 50-60 words based on the following situation: Yesterday you failed to turn up for the appointment with your teacher, professor Wang. Write him a note of apology and make a request for another meeting. You should also suggest the time for the requested meeting. 题干中所提示的背景知识是Yesterday you failed to turn up for the appointment with your teacher, professor Wang，细节部分是make a request for another meeting及 suggest the time for the requested meeting，要求考生在致歉后写出再次见面的请求及合适的见面时间。 范文： May 10 Dear Professor Wang, I am awfully sorry that due to my sickness I failed to turn up for the appointment with you yesterday. I am feeling better now and I request that we should meet with each 54

other in one or two days so that I can discuss with you about the guideline of my paper as soon as possible. Since I am just going to the library of our school to return some books tomorrow morning, I will appreciate meeting you sometime tomorrow morning. Maria 范文中第一句划线部分是转述题干所提示的背景知识，第二句划线部分是请求再次见面, 第三句划线部分是建议见面的时间。 例2：（TEM4-1997） Write on ANSWER SHEET ONE a note of about 50-60 words based on the following situation: You are Peter/Mary. You had a party at your home recently, but you unintentionally neglected to invite a close friend of yours—Victoria. Write her a note apologizing for this and explaining how the mistake came about. 题干中所提示的背景知识是You had a party at your home recently, but you unintentionally neglected to invite a close friend of yours—Victoria.，细节部分是explaining how the mistake came about，要求考生在致歉后写出为什么会发生这样的失误。 范文： May 10 Victoria, I had a party at my home recently and I am terribly sorry that I unintentionally neglected to invite you. I do apologize for this. The cause of my mistake is that I told Nancy about my home party and I had thought she would let you know about it since you two live in the same dormitory. It is a pity that both Nancy and I forgot to tell you. I hope you would not mind it. Mary 范文中第一句划线部分是转述题干所提示的背景知识，第二句划线部分是致歉信中常用的句型，意思是“对此我很抱歉”， 第三句划线部分解释了为什么会有这样的失误。 （3）婉拒： 例：（TEM4-2003） Write on ANSWER SHEET ONE a note of about 50-60 words based on the following situation: Your friend Clare has invited you to her house-warming party this weekend. However, you will be away then. Write her a note politely declining her invitation and expressing your best wishes to her. 55

题干中所提示的背景知识是Your friend Clare has invited you to her house-warming party this weekend，细节部分是declining her invitation and expressing your best wishes to her，要求考生委婉拒绝邀请并表达美好祝愿。 范文： May 10 Clare, Thank you very much for your invitation to your house-warming party this weekend. I’d like to go but it is a pity that I can’t make it because I am going to Beijing on business this evening and won’t be back then. I sincerely hope that you can have a pleasant party. Enjoy yourself! Kate 范文中第一句划线部分是转述题干所提示的背景知识，第二句划线部分是委婉拒绝, 第三句划线部分是美好祝愿。 1. SECTION A COMPOSITION [35MIN.] Everyone may meet challenges now and then, but different people treat challenges differently. What is your opinion? Write on ANSWER SHEET TWO a composition of about 200 words on the following topic: MY OPINION ON CHALLENGE You are to write in three parts: In the first part, state what the topic actually means to you. In the second part, give one or two examples to illustrate your ideas. In the last part, bring what you have written to a natural conclusion or a summary. Marks will be awarded for content, organization, grammar and appropriacy. Failure to follow the instructions may result in a loss of marks. SECTION B NOTE-WRITING [10MIN.] Write on ANSWER SHEET TWO a note of about 50-60 words based on the following situation: You’ve learned from the newspaper that a family is looking for a part-time teacher who works at weekends. You think your friend Dick is suitable for this. Write a note to tell him about that. Marks will be awarded for content, organization, grammar and appropriacy. 56

2. SECTION A COMPOSITION [35MIN.] Nowadays an increasing number of people have realized the shortage of fresh water. In your opinion, what are the reasons of this problem? Write on ANSWER SHEET TWO a composition of about 200 words on the following topic: WATER CRISIS SECTION B NOTE-WRITING [10MIN.] Write on ANSWER SHEET TWO a note of about 50-60 words based on the following situation. Before you leave the college, you want to sell your PC (personal computer). Write to your friend Peter who studies in another class asking whether any of his friends wants to buy. Marks will be awarded for content, organization, grammar and appropriacy. 3. SECTION A COMPOSITION [35 MIN.] Many college students choose to study abroad after graduation. What’s your opinion on this? Write on ANSWER SHEET TWO a composition of about 200 words on the following topic: ON STUDYING ABROAD Marks will be awarded for content, organization, grammar and appopriacy. Failure to follow the instructions may result in a loss of marks. SECTION B NOTE-WRITING [10 MIN.] Write on ANSWER SHEET TWO a note of about 50-60 words based on the following situation: A friend of your roommate came to visit him/her, but he/she happened to be out. Write a note to your roommate leaving him/her the message. Marks will be awarded for content, organization, grammar and appropriacy. 4. MY OPINION ON LOTTERY SECTION B NOTE-WRITING [10 MIN.] Write on ANSWER SHEET TWO a note of about 50-60 words based on the following situation: Write a note to your foreign teacher, Mr. Osborne, asking whether he is free 57

on Sunday morning to attend your English Corner. Tell him clearly the time and place. Marks will be awarded for content, organization, grammar and appropriacy. 5. SECTION A COMPOSITION [35 MIN.] With the rapid growth of our economy, many families possess private cars now. What’s your opinion on the popularity of private cars in China? Write on ANSWER SHEET TWO a composition of about 200 words on the following topic: SHOULD PRIVATE CARS BE ENCOURAGED IN CHINA? SECTION B NOTE-WRITING [10 MIN.] Write on ANSWER SHEET TWO a note of about 50-60 words based on the following situation: You have just received a note from your friend Jim asking whether he can use your radio next week. Now write him a reply. Marks will be awarded for content, organization, grammar and appropriacy 6. SECTION A COMPOSITION [35 MIN.] Nowadays, quality education has become a focus of attention. What’s your opinion on it? Write on ANSWER SHEET TWO a composition of about 200 words on the following topic: ON QUALITY EDUCATION SECTION B NOTE-WRITING [10 MIN.] Write on ANSWER SHEET TWO a note of about 50-60 words based on the following situation: Your friend Bob invites you to join their party on Saturday evening, you can go but will be late for some time. Write him a note explaining the reason. Marks will be awarded for content, organization, grammar and appropriacy. 7. SECTION A COMPOSITION [35 MIN.] Nowadays, fake goods can be seen anywhere. What are the major harms of fake goods? Write on ANSWER SHEET TWO a composition of about 200 words on the following topic: 58

FAKE GOODS SECTION B NOTE-WRITING [10 MIN.] Write on ANSWER SHEET TWO a note of about 50-60 words based on the following situation: You have received the revised essay from your teacher, Professor Song. Write a note to him 8. SECTION A COMPOSITION [35 MIN.] Information occupies such an important position in modern society that the current era is called “Information Age”. What do you think are the main means of getting information? Write on ANSWER SHEET TWO a composition of about 200 words on the following topic: MAJOR MEANS TO GET INFORMATION SECTION B NOTE-WRITING [10 MIN.] Write on ANSWER SHEET TWO a note of about 50-60 words based on the following situation: You are going to college next year and want to ask some advice from your teacher, Mr. Li. Write him a note to make an appointment with him. Marks will be awarded for content, organization, grammar and appropriacy. 9. SECTION A COMPOSITION [35 MIN.] Comment on “knowledge is power”. Write on ANSWER SHEET TWO a composition of about 200 words on the following topic: KNOWLEDGE IS POWER SECTION B NOTE-WRITING [10 MIN.] Write on ANSWER SHEET TWO a note of about 50-60 words based on the following situation: You are Nancy. You happened to meet with Tony in the shopping center of your university the other day and you were entrusted to bring a history textbook to Jim. But you forgot it. Write a note to Jim to apologize for it and state your reasons. Marks will be awarded for content, organization, grammar and appropriacy 英语专业四级考试作文辅导训练材料

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全真模拟试题作文样文 (大连理工大学出版社) 第一套: (1996) Section A Composition Every college student would agree that life in college is not the same as it was in the middle school. Now, you have been asked by the Students' Union to write a passage entitled The Main Difference Between My College Life and Middle School Life as a part of an introduction programme for new students coming in September. The Main Difference Between My College Life and Middle School Life From now on, you are to enjoy the colorful colege life, and you are soon to feel confused with the tremendous difference between college life and middle school life. As a sophomore, I think the main difference between college life and middle school life lies in that college life is freer than that of middle school. Everybody longs for the freedom of college life, I myself no exception. First, there are many optional courses among which we can choose some important courses according to our interest. This means that we are much freer to learn what we want to learn, which is quite different from the way we learn our courses in middle school. Moreover, the freedom lies not only in the academic studies but also in our personal lives. Various kinds of special clubs and interest groups entitle us to enough private space after class, which can seldom be found in middle school. All these activities help us enrich our spare time more freely. Therefore, college life provides us with more freedom in our study as well as private life than that of middle school life. So welcome to this paradise of academic learning and personal perfection. I hope all of us will cherish this precious golden four-year period in our life. Section B Note-writing Your friend has just won the first prize inthe Provincial English Speech Contest. Write a note of congratulations. Apr 23 Dear Jack, I'm writing to tell you how excited I was when I heard the news that you were the first-prize winner of the Provincial English Contest. Your idiomatic

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pronunciation and fluent expression are certainly the best among all the contestants. All my warmest congratulations! Sincerely yours, David 第二套: Section A Composition (1994) TV: A Good Thing or a Bad Thing ? With more and more teenagers students becoming addicted to television, and with more and more diseases such as obesity and near-sightedness are proved to be TV-related diseases, some parents, teachers, and educators are complaining that television is causing more and more problems. However, I believe that television, despite its negative aspects, is a good thing on the whole. In the first place, watching TV has the value of sheer relaxation. After a whole day's tedious and tiresome work, one can get relaxed and refreshed while watching TV. In addition to being a source of relaxation, television is a most convenient source of entertainment. With numerous programmes in store, all one has to do is just to press a button, select his or her favorite channels. Most important of all, television is educational. From preschoolers to adult students, everybody can get educated from different courses given on television. From the above discussion, we can use the television to relax, to have fun, and to make ourselves smarter. Then we criticize it for its negative influence, we must bear in mind that television is a servant, not a master. Wiserly used, television can be a good thing on the whole. Section B Note-writing (1997) You are Peter/ Mary. You had a party at your home recently, but you unintentionally neglected to invite a close friend of yours----- Victoria. Write her a note apologizing for this and explaining how the mistake came about. Apr 23 61

Dear Victoria, I'm writing this note of apology to tell you what a silly mistake I made. I had a birthday party at my place last night. I had planned to invite several close friends of mine to the party. Surely, you were, and will always be on the list of my close friends, but by sheer negligence, I failed to send you the invitation. What an inexcusable mistake! I do hope you can forgive me for my disastrous carelessness. Yours, Peter 第三套: Section A (1995) Nowadays it has become fashionable for college students to take a part-time job in their spare time. Discuss the advantages and disadvantages of this trend. Advantages and Disadvantages of Part-time Job Nowadays more and more college students are crazy about taking part-time jobs. It's estimated that more than 30 percent students are busy spending over 60%of their after-school time on part-time jobs. What's more, the tendency seems to be on the rise. I believe that a part-time job has both advantages and disadvantges, and it is important for the students to strike an appropriate balance between study and work. Surely, the students can benefit from a suitable part-time job in at least two aspects. First, students who do a part-time job can earn themselves certain sums of money which helps to release the financial burden on their parents. Besides, it's necessary for the students to take some real-life courses and learn more about the society so as to keep up with the outside world, which can help to prepare the students psychologically for theit future jobs. However, if a student spends too much time and energyon part-time job, it would inevitably lessen his time and energy for academic learning. What's worse, too much lure in the part-time job may even corrupt the students' motivation for academic success. It is obvious from the above analysis that part-time job is like a double-edged sword. while using this sword, we must make full use of positive 62

aspects while cautiously avoid its negative effects. Saction B Note-writing You have made an appointment with prof, Snyder to talk about your book report in his office tomorrow morning. But for some reason you cannot keep the appointment. Please state your reason and express your regret for breaking the appointment. April 23 Dear Sir, I'm writing this note of apology to tell you that I can't go to your office to talk about my book report with you tomorrow morning.This afternoon I learn that my mother is ill and I have to go to the hospital to accompany her. I will fail to come back to the university before the time of the appointment. I am terribly sorry for the inconvenience, and I am wondering if you can arrange another meeting some time when you are free. Respectfully, David 道歉信的类别: 邀请双方因故取消邀请\\推迟邀请\\未能赴邀 语气要真诚,原因明确,表示歉意,还可以要求另约时间. Apr23 Dear Rose, I'm so sorry to have to write this note to you! Ihave to put off the tea-party invitation for Tuesday, Jan.20, because my boss wants me t go to Shanghai for business at that exat day. What a mess! I hope you can forgive me for this change of plan. I will notify you of the exact date of the tea party after I come back. Sincerely yours, Mary Apr. 23 Dear Sir, Here is the composition due on Tuesday. Because of illness, I have been absent from classes during the past three days on sick leave. I hope that you 63

will excuse me for handing it in two days late, and the delay will not cause you too much inconvenience. Thank you, sir. Respectfully, David Apr. 23 Dear Sir, I am writing this note to apologize to you for failing to turn up for the appointment with you this afternoon. This morning, I was out in the townm, and because of traffic, I failed to come back to the university before the time of the appointment. When I got to your office, it was too late. I am terribly sorry for the inconvenience, and I am wondering if you can arrange another meeting some time when you are free. Respectfully, Apr.23 Dear Catherine, I'm very sorry to tell you that, by accident, the cover of the dictionary you lent me was stained while I was making coffee. Yesterday I went to the bookstore to get another copy so that I could return a new copy to you, but to my disappointment I failed to find it. Would you please wait another few days till I find a new copy? And could you tell me where you bought the dictionary? I do apologize for my carelessness and the inconvenience I cause you. Yours, Tom 第四套: Section A Composition Is Outer Space Worth Exploring? Almost everyday we may see something in the newspaper or on TV about the latest exciting developments in space exploration. There is an immense pride in our science and technology and a sense of its importance for the welfare of mankind. Not everyone, however, shares this feeling. Ever since space research began,

it has been criticized as a huge waste of money and other resourses which might be used to relieve the suffering of the earth's starving millions. It has been also felt that the space program might lead to the development of space weapons which , in case of war, may cause the total destruction of earth. Despite these disadvantages and potential dangers, the advantages are far grater. We have already succeeded in using satellites for communications, weather forecast and oil exploration, and with further space research, more problems we are having now can be solved. For instance, with the success of space shuttles we may solve the population problem on earth. Space prjects will also enable us to find new sources of energy to solve the energy problem and discover new chemical elements to cure presently incurable diseases. Section B (1993) You, Wang Ling, have just received a note from Zhou Wei, a close friend of yours, inviting you to her birthday party on the coming Saturday. No write to inform her of your acceptance of the invitation. Apr 23 Dear Zhou Wei, Thank you very much for your invitation. It will be a great pleasure for me to come to your birthday party on Saturday, Apr.26, at six o'clock. How time flies! We have been known each other for five years ever since we met for the first time at your eighteenth birthday party. I'm now looking forward to enjoying your twenty-second birthday party. Thank you for thinking of me. Yours, Wang Ling 第五套：SectionA Composition:(1997) More Pressure from Academic Studies Does No Good to Us Recently, it is not uncommon to hear many students groan under an increasingly great pressure from studies, especially the pressure exerted by course papers, term examinations, and some other impractical academic requirements. Objectively speaking, we benefit little from the pressure. The burden caused by these kinds of academic requirements can never be too excessive. First of all, as academic pressure usually comes from the anxiety 65

to pass examinations or to get credits, a student is forced to focus all his energy on cramming and is compelled to abandon his other devoted subjects in which he may be more promising. Moreover, such kind of constraint prevents a student from reading extensively, and restricts his reading only on the majors to be tested ; it does not motivate him to study other necessary subjects consistently and whole-heartedly. Obviously, a student who only knows some make-do techniques and is only good at meeting the impractical academic requirements is not what the society needs. On this background, it is concluded that the inappropriate pressure from academic requirement does no good to students. More and more students call on to release the burden on their shoulders. Section B: Note-writing (1992) April 23,2006 Dear Jim and Mary, I'm terribly sorry to tell you that I can't go to SU Zhou together with you on Saturday, April 26. Last night, I was told that my uncle will come to visit us from Beijing, and I have to meet him at the airport on the very Saturday. I do hope I would go to the trip with you, but I have to cancel this plan. I hope you will forgive me for this change of plan. Have a good time! Yours, Jack 第六套：Section A: Composition( 1992) My View on Reading Extensively Books are the best friends of human beings. Reading, by the same analogy, is talking with these friends and making new friends. Therefore, reading extensively is the best way to make friends as many as possible. I believe that reading extensively is the basic requirement in learning. Reading extensively is essential to our learning in that it can enlarge our 66