初中英语 八年级上(初三)鲁教版 五四制 英语课本(65-90)

Unit 1 Could you please clean your room?

1. Tony, could you please help out with a few things? 托尼，你能帮忙做几件事吗?

help out （with something）是一个动词短语，表示在某人繁忙或遇到困难时“给

予帮助”。再如本单元中这句话：

You watch TV all the time and never help out around the house! 你老是看电视，从

不帮忙干家务。

。例如：另外，在help和out之间还可加入具体的“人”

Can you help me out? 你能帮我一把吗？They helped out with the clean-up. 他们帮助我们做大扫除。（us）

2. ... because Mom will be back from shopping any minute now. ⋯⋯因为妈妈随时

都会买完东西回来。

any minute now是一种常见的口语表达法，相当于“随时；马上；在任何时刻”的意思，表示事情有可能在极短的时间内发生或眼下就要发生。在这一结构中，minute还可用second, moment, time等词替换。例如：

The guests are arriving any time now but we’re still not ready. 客人们即刻就到，但

我们还没有准备好。

We’re expecting them any moment now. 我们期待他们随时到来。

“发生什么事了?” 3. “What happened?” she asked in surprise. 她惊讶地问道：

。再如：此句中介词短语in surprise表示状态，意思是“吃惊地；惊讶地”

She looked at me in great surprise and asked after a long while, “Didn’t you just

“你不是今leave for Australia this morming?” 她极其惊讶地看着我，好长一会儿才问道：

早才离开去澳大利亚了吗？”

4. It is the parents’ job to provide a clean and comfortable environment at home

for their children. 在家中给他们的孩子提供一个干净、舒适的环境是家长们的事情。此处代词it仅为形式上的主语，真正的主语是to provide…for their children。我们

也可将It is one’s job（ duty, ...） to do something. 视为一个固定的句型，表示“做某事

是某人的工作（职责等）”。又如：

It’s every teacher’s job to explain things clearly to the students. 把东西给学生讲明白

是每一位老师应做的事情。

65Notes on the Text5. And anyway, I think doing chores is not so difficult. 反正我觉得干点家务也不太

难。

anyway是一个副词，若位于句首，其后往往会有逗号将其与句子的其他内容隔开。

。又如：anyway在此句中的作用是追加评论，相当于汉语的“反正；仍然；依然”

Sam didn’t get the job, but he’s not unhappy because it didn’t pay well anyway. 萨姆

没有得到那份工作，但他并没有闷闷不乐，反正薪酬也不算高。

anyway还可用来表示“不管怎样；无论如何”之意。例如：

It’s just a cold. But anyway, you should still see the doctor. 这只不过是感冒，但不

管怎样，你还是应该看看医生。

6. The earlier kids learn to be independent, the better it is for their future. 孩子们

越早学会，对他们的未来就越好。

“the+比较级+⋯⋯，the+比较级+⋯⋯”是英语中一个常用的句型结构，表示“越⋯⋯，就越⋯⋯”。又如：

The more he explained，the better we understood. 他解释得越多，我们就理解得

越透彻。

Many people believe that the more a person reads, the wiser he will become. 很多

人相信一个人书读得越多就会变得越聪明。

Unit 2 Why don’t you talk to your parents?

1. Although she’s wrong, it’s not a big deal. 尽管她做得不对，但也没什么了不起的。

，多用于非正式交流。big deal是英语中的一个固定搭配，表示“重要的事情或状况”

作否定用法时，常说It’s not a big deal. 或It’s no big deal. 表示说话人并不认为某事有什

么了不起。例如：

There’s a soccer game on TV this evening but I don’t have to watch it. It’s no big deal. 今天晚上电视上有一场足球赛，但我不一定要看。没什么大不了的。

big deal也经常用于肯定和疑问结构中。例如：

It’s a big deal, David, bigger than you know. 这事挺重要的，戴维，比你所知道的要

重要。

What’s the big deal? It’s only a birthday, not the end of the world. 有什么了不起

的？这不过是个生日，又不是世界末日。

2. Hope things work out. 希望事情会好起来。

这是一种常见的表达法，表示某些不如人意的事情会随时间的推移逐渐有所改观。；改善（状况）”之意。又如：句中work out为短语动词，表示“解决（问题）

Don’t worry. Things will work out. 别担心，事情会慢慢解决的。

66Notes on the TextDo you want to stay with us to see how things work out? 你想和我们待在一起，看

看事情如何得以解决吗？

3. They fight a lot, and I really don’t like it. 他们经常争吵，我真的不喜欢这样。

（激烈的）争吵”之意。又如：此处fight为“吵架；

Although they just got married, they’re fighting almost every day. 虽然他们刚结婚，

但几乎天天吵架。

fight另有“打架”之意，应注意结合语境进行区分。例如：My little brothers are always fighting. 我的小弟弟们老是打架。

As kids, we always fought for toys in the kindergarten, but now we’re pretty good friends. 儿时我们在幼儿园里总是打架争抢玩具，可如今我们是相当好的朋友。4. Sad and Thirteen伤心13

这是一个利用普通词汇组合而成的“名字”，将人物的心情和年龄组合在一起，意思是“一个伤心的13岁孩子”。作为人名，可译作“伤心13”。

5. Maybe I could cut out a few of their activities, but ... 或许我可以减掉他们几个活

动，但⋯⋯

此处cut out是一个短语动词，表示“删除；剪下”或“停止；戒除”等。再如：

Don’t cut your parents out of your lives. 不要把父母从你的生活中赶出去。

If you cut out the drinking, you’d feel much healthier. 如果你戒掉酒，就会觉得身

体好很多。

6. People shouldn’t push their kids so hard. 人们不该对自己的孩子逼得太紧。

。例如：动词push的基本意思是“推；推动”

Don’t push this door; you have to pull it open. 别推这扇门，你得把它拉开才行。

，其后宾语可以是别但是在本单元中，push表示“使（某人）努力；鞭策；督促”

人或自己。例如：

The math teacher really pushes his students. That’s why they don’t like him that

much. 那位数学老师确实对学生们鞭策过多了，这就是他们不那么喜欢他的原因。

Lucy should push herself a little harder. 露西应该鞭策自己再加把劲儿了。

Unit 3 What were you doing when the rainstorm came?

1. With no light outside, it felt like midnight. 外面没有光亮，感觉就像半夜一样。

此句中介词with表示一种伴随的状况，同时还包含着某种因果关系，表示“因某种

状况的存在而导致⋯⋯”，因此可译作“由于；因为”等。例如：

With my parents away, I’m the king of the house. 我爸妈不在，我可是家中的

“王”了！

67Notes on the TextI can’t work with all that noise going on. 由于那噪音响着，我无法工作。

2. Ben’s dad ... while his mom was making sure the flashlights and radio were working. 本的爸爸⋯⋯，同时他妈妈在确认手电筒和收音机都能正常使用。

，while还可以表示1） 此句中的连词while的意思是“当⋯⋯的时候；和⋯⋯同时”

“而；然而；但（是）”之意，用来说明或强调两种事情或情形的不同。例如：

Tom is active and outgoing while his sister Rosa is shy and quiet. 汤姆活跃外向，

而他的妹妹罗莎却羞怯腼腆。

，其后可接句子，或2） make sure的意思是“确认；查明；核实；确保；设法保证”接介词of及宾语，用来引入需要确认的内容。例如：

Could you make sure what time he’s arriving? I would like to go and meet him at

the airport. 你确认一下他几点到达好吗？我想去机场接他。

Make sure you turn off the TV before you leave the house. 在你离开屋子前确认关

闭了电视。

，这是动词work的一种基本3） 此句中的work表示机器、器官等的“运作；运转”用法。再如：

My watch is waterproof—that means it would work fine even if it’s in water. 我的手

表是防水的——这就是说即便在水里它也会正常运转。

My brain isn’t working well now. 这会儿我的脑子不好使。

3. On this day, Dr. Martin Luther King was killed. 这一天，马丁·路德·金博士遇

害了。

1） 马丁·路德·金（Martin Luther King, Jr., 1929~1968）是世界知名的美国民

权运动领袖。在20世纪50~60年代，他为改善美国黑人的社会权利及地位做了大量的工作。作为黑人领袖，他赢得了美国各阶层人民的尊重和爱戴，为世界所关注，19年荣获“诺贝尔和平奖”。

，表达的是被动关系。语法上将这种语言现象称作2） was killed的意思是“被杀害”“被动语态”，我们将在以后正式学习这一语法项目。

4. ... most Americans remember what they were doing when the World Trade Center in New York was taken down by terrorists. ⋯⋯绝大多数美国人都记得纽

约世贸中心被摧毁时他们在做什么。

1） 纽约世贸中心

，是一个由两座并立的塔世界贸易中心（ World Trade Center）简称“世贸中心”

式摩天楼（被称作“双子塔”）、四座办公楼和一座旅馆组成的建筑群，主体于1973年建成使用，曾以世界最高的双子塔闻名于世，是美国纽约的地标之一。2001年9月11日，

世贸中心被用所劫持的民航班机撞击摧毁，这就是举世震惊的“9·11事件”。

68Notes on the Text。其中take down表示2） 此句中was taken down也是被动语态，意思是“被摧毁”将建筑物或高的物体“拆掉；拆除；拆卸”，此处根据上下文可翻译成“摧毁；毁掉”。又如：

They’re talking about how to take that wall down. 他们在讨论如何拆除那堵墙。

5. She remembers working in her office near the two towers. 她记得当时（自己）

正在距两座塔楼不远的办公室工作。

1） towers在句子中指的是世贸中心的双子塔。2） doing something是一种固定搭配，表示“记得（某人） remember （someone）曾经做过某事”，其中remember可表示“记得；回忆起；想起；记住”等意思。例如：

I don’t remember seeing him anywhere. 我不记得在什么地方见过他。

He remembered meeting her at a party once. 他回想起曾在一次聚会上见过她。I remember my father bringing home a large Christmas tree. 我记得父亲带回家一

个很大的圣诞树。

Unit 4 An old man tried to move the mountains.

1. But what could Yu Gong do instead of moving the mountains? 但是不把山移开，

愚公还能做什么呢？

；而不是（某人或某物）”的instead of是一个介词短语，表示“代替（某人或某物）意思。再如：

Would you pass me the sugar instead of salt? 你能把糖递给我吗？不要递给我盐。

Instead of being annoyed, he seemed quite pleased. 他没有生气，反而看起来还挺

高兴。

2. Once upon a time, there was a very old man... 很久以前，有一位老翁⋯⋯

，是英文故事、童话开头常见的一种once upon a time的意思是“从前；很久以前”

叙述方式，另一个类似的说法是long ago或a long time ago。又如：（, long）

Once upon a time there was a mountain. And in the mountain, there was ... 从前有

座山，山里有⋯⋯

Long, long ago, a bird gave a monkey a gift. 很久很久以前，小鸟送给猴子一件礼物。3. But unless he can hide his tail, he cannot turn himself into a person. 但是如果他

不能把尾巴藏起来，他就不能把自己变成人。

，它引导的是一个条件状语从句，相当于unless的意思是“如果不；若非；除非”

if ... not。因此，上面的句子可以改写为：But if he cannot hide his tail, he cannot turn himself into a person.

再如本单元中的这三个句子：

69Notes on the TextThe wife told her husband that unless he left the children to die in the forest, the whole family would die. 妻子告诉丈夫，如果他不把孩子们扔到森林里让他们自生自灭，

整个家庭就会灭亡。

Unless I do, we’ll be lost. 如果我不这样做，我们会迷路的。

Unless we do, we won’t find our way out. 我们如果不这么做，就找不到出去的路。4. One year, the weather was so dry that no food would grow. 有一年，天气太干旱

了，以至于粮食颗粒不长。

so ... that ... 是一个常见的句式结构，即：副词so+形容词或副词+that引导的句子，表示“如此⋯⋯以至于⋯⋯”。又如本单元中的这个句子：That bird’s song is so beautiful that we should follow it. 那只鸟的歌声是如此美妙，我们应当跟着它走。

有时这个句式中的that可以省略，如：

Everything happened so quickly I didn’t have time to think. 一切发生得是那么快，

我连思考的时间都没有。

5. We thought you were never coming back. 我们以为你们再也不回来了。

We thought ... 表示人们过去的某种想法、判断等，可以译作“我们原想⋯⋯；我们

本以为⋯⋯”。又如：

I thought he would come, but he didn’t.我原想他会来的，但他却没有。

6. As soon as you wake up, you must go to the forest with your father. 你们一醒来

就必须和爸爸去森林里。

，再如本单元中这个句子：as soon as表示“一⋯⋯就⋯⋯”As soon as the moon

rises, we can follow them instead.月亮一升起来，我们就可以顺着它们（面包屑）走了。7. It’s leading us to that wonderful house made of bread, cake and candy. 它在把我们引向那座由面包、蛋糕和糖果做成的美妙房屋。

此句中made of bread，cake and candy作定语，修饰名词house，形容词wonderful也是house的定语。在英语中，大部分形容词作定语修饰名词时应前置，短语或句子作定语修饰名词时则后置。又如：

the young people in the room屋子里的年轻人

Unit 5 What’s the highest mountain in the world?

1. Feel free to ask me anything on today’s Great Wall tour. 在今天的长城游中，大

家尽管问我任何问题，不要拘束。

feel free是英语口语中一个常用表达。若有人让你feel free to do something，就是让

你无需拘束，只管按照自己的意愿去做某事。例如：

A: Can I use your bathroom? 我可以用一下你的卫生间吗？

70Notes on the TextB: Yes, feel free. 可以，请随意。

2. As far as I know, there are no man-made objects as big as this. 据我所知，再没有

像它这样大的人造物体了。

as far as I know是一个固定的表达方式，还可以说so far as I know，意思是“据我

所知”。例如：

As far as I know, Jack’s got twin sisters. 就我所知，杰克有一对孪生姐妹。

They’re not coming today, so far as I know. 他们今天不来了——就我所知是这样的。3. the Ming Great Wall 明长城

“明长城”是指明朝时期为了防御北方游牧民族的骚扰，历时一百多年在北部地区修筑的军事防御工程。这段长城东起辽宁虎山，西至甘肃嘉峪关，从东向西横贯多个省、直辖市、自治区，全长约8850千米，是现存历代长城遗迹中最完整、最坚固的。

4. Even more serious difficulties include freezing weather conditions and heavy storms. 更加严峻的困难包括极冷的天气状况和巨大的风暴。1） difficulty既可作可数名词也可作不可数名词，在此用作可数名词。作可数名词

。例时，difficulty通常用作复数，表示具体概念，即：各种各样的“困难；难题；难事”

如：

People learning a new language may face some difficutties. 人们学习一门新的语言

时可能会遇到一些困难。

If you have any difficulties, you can call me for help. 如果你遇到任何困难，给我打

电话求助好了。

。例如：作不可数名词时，difficulty可译作“困难；艰难；辛苦；费劲”

He had great difficulty in finding a new job. 他找新的工作费了很大劲。

We found the house without difficulty. 我们轻而易举地找到了那座房子。

，是一个及物动词。例如：2） include表示“包括；包含”

Does your price of the bike include this light? 你们的车价包含这盏车灯吗？

5. The spirit of these climbers shows us that we should never give up trying to achieve our dreams. 这些登山者的精神向我们表明：我们决不应该放弃实现自己梦

想的尝试。

。再如：1） give up doing something的意思是“放弃做某事；半途而废”

He gave up learning a third language after he got the job. 他找到工作之后就放弃了对第三门语言的学习。

2） achieve our dreams相当于make our dreams come true，其中动词achieve表示

“（通过努力）实现；取得；获取；达到（梦想、成绩、成功、目的）”等。例如：

He achieved great success in a short time. 他用很短的时间取得了极大的成功。

71Notes on the TextLin Tao achieved very good exam results. 林涛考试取得了很好的成绩。

6. ... they run over with excitement and some of them even walk into their friends and fall over! ⋯⋯它们兴奋地跑过去，其中一些甚至撞上自己的伙伴而跌倒！此句中run over, walk into和fall over均为短语动词。

，其中over用作副词，表示“从⋯⋯的1） run over的意思是“跑上前去；跑过去”

一边到另一边；穿越”。例如：

She ran over to say hello, but I didn’t recognize her. 她跑过来打招呼，但我没有认

出她来。

（走路时意外地）撞上”。例如：2） walk into表示“

As he was thinking too deeply and not paying attention to where he was going, he walked straight into a tree. 由于他陷入沉思，没有注意看路，径直撞到了一棵树上。

。例如：3） fall over表示“摔倒；跌跤；倒下”

Don’t run too fast, or you might fall over. 别跑得太快，要不你会摔跤的。Many trees fell over after the storm. 暴风雨后许多树木都倒了。

。例如：fall over something则表示“被某物绊倒”

Tommy fell over the dog and broke his front teeth. 汤米被那只狗绊了一跤，磕断了门牙。

7. Scientists say there are now fewer than 2,000 pandas living in the remaining forests. 科学家们说：如今生活在现存森林里的熊猫不足2000只。

此句中living in the remaining forests是一个现在分词短语，用作定语，修饰名词pandas。又如：

the girls singing under the tree 树底下唱歌的姑娘们

the women washing clothes by the river 河边洗衣服的妇女们

Unit 6 Have you read Treasure Island yet?

1. Have you at least read the back of the book to see what it’s about? 至少你已经读

过书的背面，了解了它的大致内容了吧？

（通过查看、打听等）弄清、了解；查看、发现（信息或事此句中的动词see表示“

实）”。作这种用法时，see常接how，what，when等引导的宾语从句。例如：

He agreed to go with me to see what was wrong. 他同意跟我去了解一下毛病出在哪里。

First of all， we need to take some time to see how it works. 首先，我们需要花些时

间了解一下它是如何运作的。

2. Steve: … The book report is due in two weeks. 读书报告两周后必须交。 Amy: Yes, I know … 是的，我知道⋯⋯

72Notes on the Text，后边引出预期的时间、地点1） 此处due为形容词，意思是“预定；预期；预计”

。例如：等，还常常构成短语be due （to do something）或be due （for something）

Our plane is due at Shanghai Hongqiao International Airport at 12:30. 我们的飞机预计于12:30降落在上海虹桥国际机场。

Rose is due to start school in January. 罗丝一月份就要开始上学了。

You are due for a medical examination next month. 你的身体检查预定在下个月（必须完成）。

2） I know表示说话人对所谈的观点、内容已了解，无需多说，相当于汉语中“我早

知道了；我全都了解”这样的意思，区别于许多日常交际场合中表示“我明白了；我知道了；我懂了”的用法。试体会下面的对话：

A: It’s already very late. You should get some rest. 已经很晚了，你应该休息了。

B: Well, I know. Thanks. 对，我是知道的。谢谢。

注意，当我们获知对方提供的信息后，常用I see.表示“我知道了；我明白了；我懂

了”。例如：

A: He lives in the countryside but works in the city during the week. 他住在乡下，

但工作日在城里上班。

B: Oh, I see. 哦，我知道了。

3. The Toms must be popular. 汤姆乐队一定很受欢迎。

1） 此处the Toms是一个虚构的音乐团队的名称，可能是由若干个名叫Tom的男子所组成（或起主要作用）的乐队。英语中“the+姓或名的复数形式”这一结构可用来表示某一群体，如表示某一姓氏的家庭，或同名的某几个人所组成的小群体。如：the

（格林一家，相当于the Green family），the Jacks（杰克小组；杰克社团；杰克Greens

帮）等。

，而非“必须”。作这一用法时，2） 此句中情态动词must的意思是“一定；准是”must表示推测，暗含很大的可能性。又如：

They must be there by now. 他们现在准到那儿了。

情态动词表示推测的用法将在九年级正式学习。

4. the “good old days”过去的好时光

英语中the good old days是一个习惯用语，指一个人人生中或历史上的一段比现在

更好的幸福时光，可译作“过去的好日子”。例如：

I wish my grandma would stop talking about the good old days. 我真希望我奶奶能

停止唠叨那过去的好时光。

In the good old days, going to a movie only cost 5 cents. 在当初的好日子里，去看

一场电影只要5分钱就够了。

73Notes on the Text5. I hope to see him sing live one day! 我希望有一天看到他现场演唱!

。英1） see someone do something是一个常见的结构，表示“看见某人做某事”

（看）、watch（观看）、feel（感觉）、hear（听到）、语中有一些表示感知的动词，如see

（听）、smell（嗅）等用于主动态时，后面可以接名词（或代词）+不带to的不定listen to

。又如：式（或 -ing形式）

I watched them get on the bus one by one, and then we waved goodbye to each other. 我看着他们一个个上了公共汽车，然后我们相互挥手道别。

2） live可用作动词、形容词或副词，且用作不同词性时发音有所不同。作动词时，live读作/lIv/，表示“居住；生存；过⋯⋯生活”等含义，作形容词和副词时，live读作

。又如：/laIv/。在上面的句子中，live为副词，意思是“在现场直播；在现场表演”

Lang Lang is playing live in our city tonight. 朗朗今晚在我们城市举办现场演奏。

Unit 7 Have you ever been to a museum?

1. I learned about the inventions that led to color movies, too. 我还了解了一些发

明，它们成就了彩色电影。

此处learn是“了解；获知；得知”的意思，由介词about或of引入所获知的具体内容。例如：

The children were all shocked to learn of the death of their headmaster. 得知校长去

世，孩子们都十分震惊。

I only learned about the accident later.我只是后来才得知了事故的情况。2. I’ve never been camping. 我从未野营过。

此句为现在完成进行时（*初中阶段不要求掌握）。这一时态的结构为“have been+

现在分词”，表示从过去某一时刻一直延续至今的动作。在本句中，说话人使用这一时态来强调自己至今从未有过野营的经历，欠缺这方面的经验。又如：

He’s been watching TV all afternoon. 他一下午都在看电视。

We’ve been living like this ever since the birth of my little brother. 自打我小弟弟出

生，我们就一直这样生活。

3. I wonder how much more computers will be able to do in the future. 不知道将

来电脑还能够做些什么事情呢。

（对某事）感到疑惑；想要知道；想弄明白；琢磨”，后面常接由1） wonder表示“

（是否）引导的宾语从句。例如：what，how，who或if / whether

I wonder how they’re getting on. 我想知道他们现在过得怎样。

I just wonder if they’ve arrived safely. 我就想知道他们是否安全抵达了。2） 此句从句部分的原始结构是：How much more will computers be able to do in

74Notes on the Text（电the future? 是对陈述句Computers will be able to do more in the future. （much）脑将来能够做更多的事情。）的提问。由于充当了宾语从句，疑问结构被改成了陈述结构

how much more computers will be able to do in the future，即：将助动词will还原到陈

述句的位置。

4. the International Museum of Toilets国际马桶博物馆

这是位于印度新德里的一个主题式展览馆，收藏、陈列的马桶装置十分丰富，从古至今，应有尽有，简直就是一部厕所的发展史。参观者可从不同角度去认识厕所的演变史。同时，博物馆里还收藏了许多名人用过的厕所及相关物品的复制品，旨在开拓人们视野，迸行社会文明教育，推广环保宣传和研究。

5. Watching the tea preparation is just as enjoyable as drinking the tea itself. 看沏

茶的过程和饮茶本身一样令人愉快。

。-able是一个典型的形容词后缀，可加在动词之后，表示“可⋯⋯的；能够⋯⋯的”

（能使人快乐的；令人愉快的）便是一例，再如：（可饮用的），此处enjoyabledrinkable（可洗的），readable（可读的），usable（可用的；可使用的）等等。washable

6. ... Singapore is an English-speaking country, so ... ⋯⋯新加坡是一个说英语的国家，因此⋯⋯

，是由此处English-speaking的意思是“说英语的；英语为母语的；使用英语的”

English和speaking两个词组成，这是英语中一种常见的形容词构词形式，即：由名词和

动词的-ing形式组合而成。再如：

grass-eating animals 食草动物

an apple-picking trip 一次采摘苹果之旅

a heartwarming story about a boy who saved his mother’s life 一个有关男孩救母的

暖人心扉的故事

7. Singapore has a Night Safari. 新加坡有一个夜间野生动物园。

。a safari park即是指一种可safari指在丛林及原野上的“野生动物观赏或狩猎之旅”

供驾车游览的“野生动物园”。

Unit 8 I’ve had this bike for three years.

1. yard sale 庭院旧货出售

这是国外的一种风俗，也是一种独特的售货方式。人们利用周末，将家中搁置不用。的物件放在自家庭院中廉价出售，因而被称作yard sale，也可译作“庭院拍卖会”

庭院售卖的物品种类繁多，应有尽有，大到家具、电器，小到玩具、衣物和鞋帽。这些物品虽多数为二手家什，但也有全新的物品，且价钱合理公道，甚至还可讨价还价。正是这种低廉、公道的价格及买家淘宝和碰大运的心理，使得yard sale广受欢迎，逐渐

75Notes on the Text演变成一种独特的文化现象。

2. Because I don’t read it anymore. 因为我不再看它了。

；副词anymore亦可写作any more，常用于否定句的末尾，意思是“再也（不）

（不）再”。not ... anymore相当于not ... any longer。例如：

You can have it, for I don’t need it anymore. 你可以把它拿走，因为我不再需要它了。The doctor told me not to play computer games anymore. 大夫叫我别再玩电脑游

戏了。

3. Because I’ve had it since l was a baby. 因为我还是个婴儿的时候就拥有它了。

（自从⋯⋯）常常引导短语或从句，用于现在完成时的句子中。since引出从句since

时，从句中一般使用过去时。再如：

I’ve had these soft toys since I was a child. 我还是个孩子的时候就有这些毛绒玩具了。Since that unfortunate accident last week, I haven’t been sleeping at all well. 自从上

周发生了那次不幸的事故之后，我一直睡得很不好。

4. I’ve had this magazine for a couple of months. 这本杂志我买了几个月了。

，指两个相同的人或物1） a couple of有两种意思：其一，表示具体的数量“两个”

体；其二，表示数量不定的“少数几个”，作这种虚指的用法时，具体意思往往视上下文和具体的语境而决定。例如：

You have to wait for a couple of hours for the clothes to dry completely. 你得等上一

两个小时让这些衣服完全干燥。

Look! There are a couple of boys waiting for you at the door. 瞧！门口有两三个男

孩正在等你。

2） 介词for也常用在现在完成时的句子中，后面引出表示时间的词或短语，说明某

种情况已经持续了一段时间。再如：

Jeff has had his bike for more than 10 years. 杰夫已经拥有他的自行车超过10年了。

5. We have decided to each sell five things that we no longer use. 我们决定每人出

售五件不再使用的物品。

1） 此句中we no longer use是由that引导的定语从句，修饰前面的名词five things。

，有时可用not ... any longer或not ... 2） 句中no longer的意思是“不再；不复”

anymore替换。再如：

He no longer lives here.（=He doesn’t live here anymore / any longer.）他不再住

这儿了。

（两个或两个以上的人或物中）各自；每3） each在句中对we进行限定，表示“个”。再如：

My sister and I each have an English-Chinese dictionary. 我和姐姐各有一本英汉

76Notes on the Text词典。

6. ... but, to be honest, I have not played for a while now. ⋯⋯但是，说实在的，现

在我已经有一段时间没玩了。

。英语中类似的to be honest是英语口语中一个常用表达，表示“说实话；老实说”

。例如：表达还有：to be frank，意思是“坦率地说”

To be honest, I don’t like him very much. 老实说，我不太喜欢他。

To be perfectly frank, I think that’s a crazy idea. 坦白相告，我认为那是个荒唐的主意。

7. It’s a shame, but I just don’t have the time … 实在是遗憾，但我就是没有时间⋯⋯

It’s a shame.是一种常见的口语表达，表示一种不如人愿的情形（an unhappy

，相当于汉语中“真遗憾；多可惜啊”的意思。It’s a shame ... 之后还可接situation）

不定式或由that引导的以句。例如：

A: I didn’t have enough money to buy the guitar I wanted. 我没有足够的钱，买不

了我想要的吉他。

B: It’s a shame! 真是遗憾呀！

It’s a shame to cover this beautiful table with a tablecloth. 把这张漂亮的桌子用桌布

盖起来真是可惜。

It’s a shame that you have to leave so soon. 真遗憾你这么快就要走了。

（因做错事而感到的）羞愧；惭愧”。例如：shame还可表示“

His face burned with shame. 他的脸因羞愧而发烫。

77TapescriptsTapescripts

Unit 1 Could you please clean your Section A, 1b

room?Mom: Peter, we need to clean the house. Your grandma is coming over at seven.Peter: Sure, but I need to do my homework first.

Mom: OK. Then after you finish your

homework, let’s clean up the kitchen. I can do the dishes and sweep the floor. Could you please take out the rubbish?Peter: Sure, Mom.

Mom: Good. And could you please make your bed and fold your clothes?Peter: All right.

Mom: And let’s see ... I have to clean the living room before your grandma arrives.Section A, 2a, 2bPeter: Hey, Dad?Dad: Yes?

Peter: Could I go out for dinner with my friends tonight?

Dad: Sure, that should be OK.

Peter: Could I go to the movies after that? My friends said the new action movie is really good.

Dad: I guess so. But don’t stay out late.

Peter: Could I stay out until eleven? We might get something to drink after the movie.Dad: No, you can’t. You have a basketball game tomorrow, remember? You need to have a good rest.

Peter: Oh, yeah. Well, could you give me a ride to town now? If I take the bus, I’ll be late.

78Dad: I can’t, Peter. I have to do some work now.Peter: Oh, OK. No problem. I’ll call Alan. Maybe his dad can give me a ride.Section B, 1c, 1d

Sandy: Could I invite my friends to a party on Saturday, Mom?

Mom: Of course! That sounds like fun.Sandy: Yeah. Um ... could I borrow some money?Mom: What for?

Sandy: I need to buy some drinks and snacks. Could I go to the store?

Mom: Well, I’m going tomorrow, and I can buy some drinks and snacks for you.Sandy: Oh, good. Thanks, Mom.

Mom: You’re welcome. Oh, could you clean your room?

Sandy: I cleaned it last week.

Mom: You need to clean it again for your party.

Sandy: OK. At the party, could I use your CD player?

Mom: Yes, if you’re careful with it.Sandy: Don’t worry, Mom!

Mom: Now, there are a few other things I want you to do before the party. Could you please move the big chairs to the bedroom and clean the living room?Sandy: Sure. Dave is coming early on Saturday, so he can help me.

Unit 2 Section A, 1b

Why don’t you talk to your parents?Girl 1: You look really tired. What’s the matter?

Girl 2: I studied until midnight last night so I didn’t get enough sleep.

Girl 1: Why don’t you go to sleep earlier tonight? You can start studying earlier.Girl 2: But I have two after-school classes today. So I can only start studying after dinner.

Girl 1: Maybe you should tell your parents that you can’t do so many things.

Girl 2: I did, but they think it’s important that I take more after-school classes.Girl 1: Well, they probably want you to get into a good senior high school.Girl 2: Yes, I guess that’s the reason.

Girl 1: You should talk to them again. Explain to them that you need to get enough sleep to stay healthy.

Girl 2: That’s a good idea. OK, I’ll try to talk to them again.Section A, 2a, 2b

Boy 1: Hey, Peter, what’s wrong?

Boy 2: I had a fight with my best friend. What should I do?

Boy 1: Well, you could write him a letter.Boy 2: I don’t think so, although it’s a good idea. I’m just not very good at writing letters.

Boy 1: Maybe you should call him up.

Boy 2: No, I don’t want to talk about it on the phone.

Boy 1: But you really should talk to him so that you can say you’re sorry.

Boy 2: Yes, I know I should, but it’s not easy.Boy 1: Maybe you could go to his house.Boy 2: I guess I could, but I don’t want to surprise him.

Boy 1: Hey, I know. You could take him to the ball game.

Boy 2: But the ball game is next week. I don’t want to wait until then to talk to him.

TapescriptsSection B, 1c, 1d

Wei Ming: Alice, help me! My parents are giving me too much pressure about school!

Alice: Hey, Wei Ming. Although you may be unhappy with your parents, you should talk to them. Ask them why they give you so much pressure.Wei Ming: It’s because they want me to get good grades.

Alice: But life shouldn’t just be about grades. Free time activities like sports and hanging out with friends are important, too.

Wei Ming: I totally agree. I need more free time to do activities I enjoy. This can help me relax and be healthier.Alice: Yes, you won’t get good grades if you’re stressed out all the time.Wei Ming: I also keep worrying about getting better grades than my classmates.Alice: Oh, you shouldn’t compete with your classmates to get better grades. You should all be helping each other to improve.

Wei Ming: You’re right. Thanks for all the good advice, Alice.

Unit 3 What were you doing when the rainstorm came?Section A, 1b[in the studio]

Reporter: The weather is beautiful today! But yesterday’s rainstorm was the heaviest one so far this year. So, what were people doing yesterday at the time of the rainstorm?[outside the studio, on the street]

Girl: I was at home doing my homework. But I could hear the heavy rain against my bedroom window.

79TapescriptsBoy: I was reading at the library after school. I’m so glad I didn’t decide to play basketball!

Woman: I was waiting for the bus after work. Then the rain suddenly started and I got all wet.

Man: I was walking home from the supermarket. Luckily, I had an umbrella, but I still got wet![back in the studio]

Reporter: Looks like many people were caught in the rain yesterday. Many took hours to get home ...Section A, 2a, 2b

Boy: Yesterday was a terrible day. My alarm didn’t go off so I woke up late. It was seven thirty when I woke up, and I needed to be at school by eight! I ran to the bus stop ... but, I still missed the bus. It was eight thirty when I got to school. My teacher was angry and I felt bad all day. At four thirty, it was time to go home. I was waiting for the bus when ... all of a sudden ... it began to rain heavily. It was like ... a really crazy rainstorm! I thought I had an umbrella in my schoolbag, so I kept trying to look for it. I was so busy looking for the umbrella that I didn’t see a car coming. And it got water all over me! I was waiting like that ... completely wet ... for maybe almost an hour. Finally, the bus came and brought me home. I took a hot shower and ate some warm food. It felt so good to be home!Section B, 1b, 1c

John: Hey, Kate, why weren’t you at the school basketball competition

yesterday? I called you so many times,

80 but you didn’t answer.

Kate: Sorry, John. I left my phone at home.

John: What were you doing at the time of the competition?

Kate: Well, I left my house late and when the competition started, I was still making my way to school.John: Then what happened?

Kate: When I got to the bus stop, I realized that my bag was still at home!

John: But why didn’t you just go home to get your bag?

Kate: I did, but while I was running back home, I saw a dog by the side of the road and it was hurt.John: Oh, so I’m sure you helped the dog. I know how much you love animals.

Kate: Yes, I wanted to call the Animal Helpline, but I didn’t have my phone so I had to wait for

someone to walk by. Then I used his phone to call the helpline.John: OK. No wonder you didn’t make it to the competition.

Kate: Yes, I’m so sorry I wasn’t there to cheer you on, but I’m happy that your team won!

Unit 4 An old man tried to move the mountains.Section A, 1b

Wang Ming: Hi, Anna. In my Chinese class today, we read a famous story called Yu Gong Moves a Mountain.Anna: Oh, how does the story begin?Wang Ming: Well, once upon a time, there was a very old man. There were two mountains near his house. They

were so high and big that it took a long time to walk to the other side.Anna: So what happened next?

Wang Ming: Well, the old man told his family that they should all help him to move the mountains.

Anna: Mm, but an old man probably couldn’t even move a small tree.Wang Ming: Yes, that’s what his wife said, too.Anna: And where would they put all the earth and stone from the mountains?Wang Ming: Yu Gong said that they put it into the sea because it’s big enough to hold everything. So they all started digging the next day.Section A, 2a, 2b

Wang Ming: Let me tell you the rest of the

story about Yu Gong. Yu Gong and his family began to move some of the earth and stone to the sea. One day, a man saw Yu Gong and his children when they were working on moving the mountains. He told Yu Gong that he could never do it because he was old and weak. As soon as the man finished talking, Yu Gong said that his family could continue to move the mountains after he died. His family would live and grow, but the mountains could not get bigger. So Yu Gong and his family kept on digging day after day and year after year. Finally, a god was so moved by Yu Gong that he sent two gods to take the mountains away. This story reminds us that you can never know what’s possible unless you try to make it happen.

TapescriptsSection B, 1b, 1c

Mei Ling: Tom, can you tell me a story from

Europe?

Tom: Well, I know one. It’s called The

Emperor’s New Clothes. This story is about an emperor who loved clothes. He loved buying and looking at his beautiful clothes.

Mei Ling: So what happened?

Tom: Two brothers came to the city

to make special clothes for the emperor. But the emperor had to give them silk and gold.

Mei Ling: Were the clothes nice?

Tom: Well, the brothers kept everything

for themselves and told the emperor that people couldn’t see the clothes unless they were clever.

Mei Ling: Oh, so they were really trying to

cheat the emperor!

Tom: Yes, you are right. when the

emperor looked at himself, he only saw his underwear. But he didn’t want people to think he was stupid, so he said his new clothes were very beautiful.

Mei Ling: Did he wear the new clothes?Tom: Yes, he did. He walked through

the city wearing his new clothes. Nobody wanted to sound stupid, so everyone said his new clothes were wonderful. But suddenly, a young boy shouted, “Look! The emperor isn’t wearing any clothes!”

Mei Ling: What a funny story!

Unit 5 What’s the highest mountain in the world?Section A, 1b

Teacher: Yesterday, we learned some

81Tapescriptsimportant geographical facts. I hope you all still remember them. I’m going to test you now by asking a few questions. First, what’s the highest mountain in the world?

Boy 2: Qomolangma! It’s higher than any

other mountain in the world.

Teacher: That’s right. And who can tell me what

the Sahara is?

Girl 1: The Sahara is the biggest desert in the

world.

Teacher: Very good. And which is the deepest

salt lake in the world?

Girl 2: The Caspian Sea is the deepest of all

the salt lakes.

Teacher: You’re all so smart! Now, for the last

question, which is the longest river in the world?

Boy 1: I know! The Nile is the longest river

in the world.

Boy 2: And the Amazon is the second longest

river in the world.

Teacher: It seems that you know the answers to

all my questions. Good job!

Section A, 2a, 2b

Mike: Hi, I’m Mike. I’m from the United

States.

Boy: Welcome to our class, Mike. We’re

happy to meet you.

Mike: Can you tell me a bit more about

China?

Girl: Sure! Did you know that China is one

of the oldest countries in the world? It’s over 5, 000 years old.

Milce: Yes, I did. It’s much older than my

country _ in fact, the United States is one of the youngest countries in the world. It’s not even 300 years old.

Boy: And China has the biggest population,

too. It’s a lot bigger than the population of the United States.

82Mike: But China is about the same size as

the US, right?

Girl: Yes, and it’s the biggest country in

Asia. We also have some famous rivers. The Yangtze River is the

longest river in Asia. It’s about 6, 300 kilometers long.

Mike: Wow! I didn’t know that. I thought

the Yellow River was longer.

Boy: No, the Yellow River is 5, 4

kilometers long. But both rivers are very important to China.

Section B, 1b, 1c

Teacher: Do you have any questions about

baby pandas?

Boy 1: Are they much smaller than an adult

panda?

Teacher: Yes. When they’re born, they only

weigh about 0.1 to 0.2 kilos.

Boy 1: Wow, that’s small! I know an adult

panda weighs many times more than a baby.

Teacher: That’s right. And the adult pandas

weigh around 100 kilos.

Boy 2: What about the size of a baby panda?

How small is it?

Teacher: At birth, it’s only around 15 cm long,

but an adult panda is around 150 cm long.

Girl 1: Is a baby panda also black and white?Teacher: No, you would never guess! A baby

panda is pink and it cannot see. It also doesn’t have any teeth.

Girl 1: How long can pandas live?

Teacher: They can live up to 20 to 30 years.

Unit 6 Section A, 1bHave you read Treasure Island yet?Conversation 1

Nick: Hey, Judy, how was English class?Judy: Hey, Nick. It was a good class today. I

enjoyed it.

Nick: What’s your class reading right now?Judy: We’re reading a book called Treasure

Island.Nick:

How is it? I haven’t read it yet.Judy: It’s really exciting.Conversation 2

Alan: Sandy, have you finished the reader yet?Sandy: What reader, Alan?

Alan: Robinson Crusoe. Ms. Butler told us to

finish it this week, remember?Sandy: Oh, no! I’ve not read it yet.

Alan: Well, I just finished reading it last night.Sandy: How is it? Is it boring?Alan: No, I love it. It’s wonderful.Conversation 3

Kate: Have you read Little Women yet, Harry?Harry: No, I haven’t. Have you, Kate?Kate: Yes. I’ve already read it.Harry: What’s it like?Kate: It’s fantastic.

Harry: Can I borrow it from you?Kate: Sure.

Section A, 2a, 2bTina: Hi, Mark.

Mark: Hey there, Tina. What’s up?Tina: I’m reading this fantastic book.Mark: What is it?

Tina: Treasure Island. Have you read it yet?Mark: No, I haven’t. What’s it about?

Tina: It’s about this boy who goes out to sea

and finds an island full of treasures. What are you reading right now?Mark: I’ve just finished Oliver Twist and

Robinson Crusoe.

Tina: Oh, yeah. I’ve already read both of

them. They’re classics. We had to study Robinson Crusoe last term.

Mark: So what are you studying this term?Tina: Tom Sawyer. It’s a story about a boy

who lives in the United States. Many

Tapescripts exciting things happen to him.

Mark: Sounds interesting. I’ll have to read it.Section B, 1b, 1c

Dave: What are you listening to, Alex? The

song sounds really good.

Alex: Hey, Dave! I’m listening to a band

called “The Toms”. Have you heard of them yet?Dave:

No, I haven’t. Are they a new band?Alex: Yes, they only started singing earlier

this year. But they’ve already made two CDs.Dave:

Wow, they must be really popular.

Where are they from?

Alex: They’re from California, in the United

States. There are five people in the band and they’re all teenage boys.

Dave: I guess what they’re playing is pop

music, right?

Alex: Yes, but it sounds more like rock. I

like their music because it’s loud and full of energy. I feel excited when I listen to it.Dave:

Me, too. I think if I listen to their

music every morning, it will wake me up and make me happy for the rest of the day!

Alex: Do you want to borrow my CD then?Dave: Sure, thanks! That’d be great!

Unit 7 Section A, 1b

Have you ever been to a museum?Sarah: I’m bored, Claudia. Let’s do something

interesting.

Claudia: Have you ever been to a science

museum?

Sarah: Yes, I have. I went to the National

Science Museum last year. Have you ever been to a history museum?

Claudia: No, I haven’t.

Sarah: Me neither. Let’s go to one tomorrow.

83TapescriptsClaudia: Well, that sounds good, but I’m not

interested in history.

Sarah: Really? I didn’t know that. Well, how

about the art museum? Have you been to the art museum?

Claudia: I’ve been to the art museum many

times.

Sarah: Me, too. But I’d like to go again.

Hmm, let’s see ... how about the nature museum? I’ve been there a few times.

Claudia: So have I. I went there on our last

school trip.

Sarah: I know. Let’s go to the space museum.

I’ve never been there.

Claudia: That’s a great idea. I went there last

year, but I’d like to go there again.

Section A, 2a, 2bConversation 1

John: Hey, have you ever visited the space

museum, Tina?

Tina: Yes, I went there last year. Have you

ever been there, John?

John: No, I haven’t.

Tina: Well, I’d really like to go there again.John: Great. What bus do we take to get to

the museum?

Tina: We can take the subway. The station is

near the museum.

Conversation 2

Kim: Hi, Linda. Have you ever been to the

amusement park?

Linda: Yes, I have, but a long time ago. I

remember it was really fun. There were so many exciting things to do there.

Kim: Do you want to go again next week?Linda: Sure. I think that would be a great idea.Kim: Do you think we can ride our bikes

there?

Linda: Of course! It’s not very far away. It’s

just on Green Street, behind the zoo.

84Conversation 3

Tom: Have you ever been to the water park,

Frank?

Frank: No, I’ve never been there.

Tom: Neither have I. Let’s go there together!Frank: I’d really love to go, but I don’t have

any money.

Tom: Well, let’s go skating instead. There’s a

great new place for skating in River Park on Center Street.

Frank: That’s a great idea. Could I borrow

your bike? I want to go home to get my skates.Section B, 1b, 1c

Boy 1: So, Peter, how long have you been in

China?

Boy 2: I’ve been here for two weeks, but I’m

going back to Australia tomorrow.Boy 1: Have you traveled much?

Boy 2: Yes, I have. I’ve seen many interesting

things.

Boy 1: Have you visited the Palace Museum?Boy 2: Yes, I have. I went there last week. It

was wonderful. There were so many beautiful treasures.

Boy 1: And have you been to the Great Wall?Boy 2: Oh, yes. I loved it, but there were too

many people. I’ve also been to the Bird’s Nest.

Boy 1: Wow, great! Did you go anywhere

outside Beijing?

Boy 2: Yes. I went to see the Terracotta Army

in Xi’an. It was fantastic.

Boy 1: OK. Have you tried Chinese food?Boy 2: Oh, yes. I love Chinese food.Boy 1: Do you have a favorite dish?

Boy 2: I love Beijing Duck. It’s so delicious.Boy 1: Thank you for your time and have a safe

trip home.Boy 2: Thank you.

Unit 8 Section A, 1b

I’ve had this bike for three years.Amy: You have some great things at this yard

sale, Jeff.

Jeff: Thanks, Amy. Our family has collected

so many things over the years, but we don’t use them anymore.

Amy: But isn’t it hard to sell some of your

things? There are many things I’ve had since I was a child. I don’t think I could sell them.

Jeff: Yes, it’s hard to say goodbye to certain

things.

Amy: By the way, how long have you had that

bike over there?

Jeff: I’ve had it for three years! I learned how

to ride a bike on it.

Amy: Old things really bring back sweet

memories. But it’s true that we may never use some of these things again.Jeff: Yes, like old toys or books you’ve

already read. You can sell those, or you can also give them away to kids or people who need them.Amy: Oh! How much is this book?Jeff: You can have it for 75 cents.Section A, 2a, 2b

Mom: Let’s look through this box of old things

and decide what to give away.

Amy: I think I want to keep this book. I’ve

had it for three years. Even though I’ve already read it twice, it’s still my favorite book. But we can give away the magazine.

Mom: What about these soft toys?

Amy: I want to keep the bear because I’ve

had it since I was a baby. It has special meaning to me because Grandma gave it to me. I’ll give away the lion and tiger.Mom: OK. And this old bread maker of mine can go, too. I’ve had it for more than 10

Tapescriptsyears. Aunt Taylor bought a new one for me last week.

Amy: That’s great. We can still have homemade

bread. And I can give away this sweater and dress, too. They don’t fit me anymore. But I want to keep the hat and scarf for ice skating.

Mom: Great. You can take these things to the

children’s home tomorrow then.Section B, 1b, 1c

Martin: Hey, Jenny, your hometown is really

beautiful.Jenny:

Yes, I’ve been away for the past few

years, but I still love this town. Even though it’s old, it’s full of interesting places to see and things to do.

Martin: Wow, look at that building! I’ve never

seen anything like it!

Jenny: Yes, that’s one of the oldest buildings

in this town. It’s been around for hundreds of years. It’s now the town library.

Martin: What about the building next to it?Jenny: Oh, that’s the new science museum.

It’s only been here since last August. There’s a really big park behind the museum. Many families go there on weekends to let the kids run around and climb the hills.

Martin: Nice. Can we check it out?

Jenny: Sure. But first, let’s have lunch at this

restaurant down the street. It’s been around for as long as I can remember. It serves the best food in town.

85GrammarGrammar

I. 动词（ Verbs）（V）

（（Modal Verbs） II）1. 情态动词

情态动词可以用来表示“提议”、“建议”或“请求”等。

情态动词 should 作“应该；应当；可以”讲，用以表达职责和义务、提出劝告，而且表述的是自己的主观看法。其后接动词原形。例如：

I think you should lie down and rest. 我觉得你应该躺下休息。

You should call him so that you can say you’re sorry. 你应当给他打电话，向他说声

对不起。

。例如：should 的否定式是should not/shouldn’t，意思是“不应当；不该”

You shouldn’t take such risks. 你不该冒这么大风险。

情态动词could用于有礼貌地向对方提出要求或请求。例如：

A: Could you please take the dog for a walk? 能请你出去遛遛狗吗？B: OK, but I want to watch one show first. 可以，但我想先看个节目。再如：Could we get something to drink after the movie? 我们看完电影后可以喝点什么吗？

could也用于提出建议，比can语气更为婉转。例如：

Maybe you could do more jobs around the house so that they have more time for proper communication. 也许你可以在家里多做点事，让他们多些时间好好地沟通。

（Past Progressive Tense）2. 过去进行时

过去进行时由“was/were + 动词-ing”构成，表示在过去某一时刻或某一段时间正在

进行的动作。这一特定的过去时间除有上下文暗示以外，一般用时间状语来表示。例如：

A: What were you doing at eight last night? 昨晚八点你在干什么？B: I was taking a shower. 我（当时）在淋浴。

A: What was he doing when the rainstorm came? 暴风雨来的时候他在干什么？

B: He was reading in the library when the rainstorm came. 暴风雨来的时候他在图书

馆看书。

A: What was Jenny doing while Linda was sleeping? 琳达在睡觉的时候，珍妮在

做什么？

B: While Linda was sleeping, Jenny was helping Mary with her homwork. 琳达在

86Grammar睡觉的时候，珍妮在帮助玛丽做作业。

下面以动词work 为例，将过去进行时的肯定式、否定式和疑问式以及简略答语列表如下：

肯定式否定式I/He/She/It was working.We/You/They were working.疑问式和I/He/She/It was not working.We/You/They were not working.简略回答Was I working?Yes, you were.No, you were not.Were we/you/they working?注：

Were you working?Yes, I was.No, I was not.Was he/she/it working?Yes, he/she/it was.No, he/she/it was not.Yes, you/we/they were.No, you/we/they were not.1） was not 常缩略为wasn’t //；were not 常缩略为weren’t /(r)/。2） 一般过去时与过去进行时用法的比较：一般过去时表示在过去某个时间发生过的

动作或存在的状态，而过去进行时则表示在过去某一时刻或某一段时间正在进行的动作。例如：

David wrote a letter to his friend last night.

大卫昨晚给他的朋友写了封信。（信写完了。）

David was writing a letter to his friend last night.

大卫昨晚一直在给他的朋友写信。（信不一定写完。）（Present Perfect Tense）3. 现在完成时

1） 现在完成时的构成

+ 过去分词”构成。下面以动词finish 为例，将现现在完成时由“助动词have （has）在完成时的肯定式、否定式和疑问式以及简略答语列表如下：

肯定式否定式I/You have finished.He/She/It has finished.We/You/They have finished.疑问式和I/You have not finished.He/She/It has not finished.We/You/They have not finished.简略回答Have I/you finished?Has he/she/it finished?Have we/you/they finished?Yes, you/I have.Yes, he/she/it has.Yes, you/we/they have.No, you/I have not.No, he/she/it has not.No, you/we/they have not.注：have not 常简略为 haven’t /v/, has not 常简略为 hasn’t //。

87Grammar2） 现在完成时的用法

用 法表示过去发生或已经完成的动作对现在造成的影响或结果。例 句— Have you had your lunch yet?— Yes, I have. I’ve just had it. （现在我不饿了。）— Have you read Little Women yet? — No, I haven’t. （我对该书不了解。）某些动词的现在完成时可表示过去某一时间开始并一直持续到现在（包括“现在”在内）的动作或状态，可以和表示延续的时间状语连用。表示持续动作或状态的动词多是延续性动词。现在完成时可以和already, never, ever, just, before, yet等连用。I haven’t seen her these days.I’ve known Bob for three years.I’ve been at this school for over two years.They have lived here since 1996.How long have you worked in this library?She has taught us since I came to this school.I have already taught him some English.John has never been to the space museum.Have you ever been to a zoo at night?My boy has just started junior high school.I’ve never been to the water park before.Have you decided which book to write about yet?Where has he been?他刚才到哪儿去了？（他已经回来了。）have been和have （has）（has）gone的区别：have been表示“曾经到过（has）某地”，have gone表示“已（has）经去某地了”。Where has he gone?他到哪儿去了？（他不在这里。）She has been to Shanghai.她去过上海。（她已不在上海了。）She has gone to Shanghai.她到上海去了。（她可能已在去上海的路上，或已到上海，总之，现在不在这里。）注：非延续性动词在否定结构中可用现在完成时。例如：

I haven’t bought anything for two months.

3） 现在完成时和一般过去时的区别

现在完成时表示过去发生的某一动作对现在造成的影响或结果， 强调的是现在的情况，所以它不能和表示过去的时间状语连用，例如：yesterday, last night, three weeks ago,

in 1990 等。而一般过去时只表示过去的动作或状态，和现在不发生联系，它可以和上述

表示过去的时间状语连用。例如：

（我了解这部电影的内容。）I have seen the film. 我看过这部电影。

88Grammar（只说明上星期看了这部电影，不涉I saw the film last week. 我上星期看了这部电影。及现在的情况。）

（他现在还住在这里。）He has lived here since 1992. 1992 年以来他一直住在这里。

（不涉及现在他是否还住在这里。）He lived here in 1992. 1992 年他住在这里。

II. 连词（ Conjunctions）

用来连接词与词、短语与短语，以及句子与句子的虚词叫做连词。连词在句中不能单独作句子成分，一般不重读。连词按其性质可分为两类：并列连词和从属连词。

（Coordinate Conjunctions）1. 并列连词

并列连词是指用以连接并列的单词、短语、从句或句子的连词。常见的并列连词有：

and，but，for，or，so，both ... and ...，not only ... but also ...，then 等。例如：

Becky and her father often watch NBA games.

Are you going to have a picnic on Saturday or on Sunday? He got up very early this morning, but still he’s late for school.

（Subordinate Conjunctions）2. 从属连词

从属连词是指用以引导从句的连词。常见的从属连词有：when，while，as，after，before，until，if，because，though，than，as soon as 等。例如：

Adam always finishes his homework before he plays football. She can’t go to school because she is ill today. 注：在同一个句子中， though 与but、because 与so 不可同时使用。例如：

（要么删去 （×） Though she was ill, but she was listening to the report carefully.but;

要么删去though）

（×） Because her parents died, so she had to make a living by herself.（要么删去

because; 要么删去so）

III. 状语从句（ Adverbial Clause）

在复合句中，用作状语的从句叫做状语从句。状语从句根据它表达的意思可分为时间、原因、条件、比较、结果、目的和让步等类型。类 型引导连词由when，before，after，as，while，as soon as，since，not ... until，whenever等连词引导。例 句时间As he explored the town, he took a lot of pictures.As soon as he arrived in France, he called me.He has been in Shanghai since he was born.Don’t come in until you are called.Whenever I’m feeling down, my friends will cheer me up.While I was watching TV, the bell rang.Grammar类 型原因引导连词由because，as，since等连词引导。由if，unless等连词引导。由as ... as，than（so）等引导。由so ... that引导。由so，so that等引导。由although，even though等引导。例 句条件比较结果目的I didn’t go surfing because it was too cold.As the car was expensive, we didn’t buy it.Since he was busy, he didn’t come. If you travel in India, you can use English everywhere.I won’t pass the exam unless I work hard.The Yangtze River is almost as long as the Amazon River.John swims better than Jim .（does）He was so weak that he couldn’t walk on.We’ll sit near the front so we can hear the speaker better.You should talk to him so that you can say you’re sorry.Although the traffic was heavy, we got to the railway station on time.Even though he is 80, he still looks strong and healthy.让步注：在时间状语从句和条件状语从句中通常用一般现在时表示一般将来时。 例如：

If you go to the party, you’ll have a great time!如果你去参加聚会，你会玩得很愉快的！Unless we talk to someone, we’ll certainly feel worse.除非我们找人聊一聊，不然我们

肯定会感觉更糟。

90